262 
at the end of October, another in November, and another in the 
last fortnight of December, if open temperate weather; respec- 
tively to stand over the winter; but make the principal early 
sowings in January, or the beginning of February. From this 
time sow every fortnight or ten days, in full succession crops, 
till the end of May, as well the white and red small turnip- 
rooted, as the autumn sorts. The winter sorts are sometimes 
raised at the beginning of summer ; but the fittest season to sow 
them is from the end of June to the end of August; that is in 
July for use in autumn, and in August to provide a supply 
throughout the winter. 
Sow each sort separately, and for a bed four feet six inches 
by twelve feet, two ounces of seed will be required of the spring 
sorts, and an ounce and a half for the summer, winter, and au- 
tumn varieties. All the kinds may be either sown broad-cast or 
in drills, but the latter is preferable, as allowing the roots to 
be drawn regularly with less waste. If sown broad-cast, it is a 
good method to make beds four or five feet wide, with alleys be- 
tween a foot wide, the earth of which may be used to raise the 
beds or not, as the season may make it desirable to keep the 
beds dry or moist. Avoid sowing excessively thick, as it tends 
to make the tops run, and the roots stringy. Rake in the seed 
well, full half an inch deep, leaving none on the surface to attract 
the birds. If you trace drills, let them be for the spindle- 
rooted kinds, half an inch deep, and about two inches and a 
half asunder ; for the small turnip-rooted kinds, three quarters of 
an inch deep, and four or five inches asunder, and for the black 
turnip or Spanish six or eight inches asunder, because the root 
grows to the size of a middle-sized turnip. As the plants ad- 
vance in growth, thin them, so as to leave the spindle-rooted 
kinds two inches square distance, and the other sorts three, four, 
or five, leaving the most space to the respective sorts in free, 
growing weather; water pretty frequently, this swells the roots 
and makes them mild and crisp. 
The crops sown between the end of October and the end 
of February, besides being favoured in situation, will want oc- 
casional shelter according to the weather. On the first approach 
of frost, whether the seed is just sown, or the plants have ap- 
peared, cover the ground, either with clean straw, dry long 
haulm, or dried fern, two or three inches thick, or with mats 
supported with short stout pegs. The covering will keep off 
the birds, and by its warm effect on the mould, forward the 
germination of the seed. The time for removing or restoring 
it must be regulated by the weather ; as the plants should be 
exposed to the full air whenever it can be safely done. If the 
season be cold without frost, take off the covering every morn- 
ing, and put it on towards evening, and if the weather be sharp 
and frosty, let it remain on night and day, till the plants have 
advanced into the first rough leaves, and afterwards occasionally 
till the atmosphere is settled and temperate. Replace it con- 
stantly at night till there is no danger of much frost happening. 
then wholly discontinue the covering. Radish seed-pods should 
be taken for pickling when of plump growth, in July and August, 
when still young and green. 
Abercrombie says “ to obtain the earliest spring Radishes, sow 
on a hot-bed of dung or leaves some Early Dwarf Short Tops, 
in December, January, or the beginning of February. Having 
made a hot-bed two feet, or two and a half feet high of dung, 
place on a frame; earth the bed at top six inches deep ; sow on 
the surface, covering the seed with fine mould about half an inch 
thick, and put on the glasses. When the plants have come up, 
admit air every day, in mild, or tolerably good weather, by tilting 
the upper end of the lights, or sometimes the front, one, two, or 
three inches, that the Radishes may not draw up weak and long- 
shanked. If they have risen very thick, thin them, when young, 
moderately at first, to one or two inches apart. Be careful to 
CRUCIFERE. CII. RAPHANUS. 
cover the frame at night with garden-mats or straw litter. Give 
gentle waterings about noon in sunny days. If the heatof the 
bed declines much, apply a moderate lining of warm dung or 
stable litter to the sides, which by gently renewing the heat will 
forward the Radishes for drawing in February and March. Re- 
member, as the plants advance in growth, to give more copious 
admissions of air daily ; either by tilting the lights several inches 
in front, or, in fine mild days, by drawing the glasses mostly off; 
but be careful to draw them on again in proper time. Small 
Turnip-rooted Radishes, or the white and red kinds, may be 
forced in the same manner. For raising early Radishes on 
ground not accommodated with frames, a hot-bed made in Febru- 
ary may be arched over with hoop-bends, or pliant rods, which 
should be covered with mats constantly at night, and during the 
day in very cold weather. In moderate days turn up the mats 
at the warmest side; and on fine mild days take them off alto- 
ether.” , , 
“ For seed transplant a sufficiency of the finest plants in April 
or May, when the main crops are in full perfection. Draw them 
for transplanting in moist weather, selecting the straightest, best- 
coloured roots, with the shortest tops, preserving the leaves to 
each ; plant them by dibble, in rows, two feet and a half distant, 
inserting each root wholly into the ground, down to the leaves. 
Keep the kinds in separate situations to prevent the commixture 
of the pollen, and to preserve the kinds distinct. With proper 
watering they will soon strike fresh root, and shoot up in branchy 
stalks ; producing plenty of seed; which will be ripe in Sep- 
tember or October. In transplanting for seed the turnip-rooted 
kinds, select those with the neatest-shaped roundest roots, of 
moderate growth, and with smallest tops ; they, as the other, will 
ripen seed in autumn. To obtain seed of the winter sorts, sow 
in spring to stand for seed ; or leave, or transplant in that season 
some of the winter standing full roots. As the different kinds 
ripen seed in autumn cut the stems, or gather the principal 
stems or branches of pods ; and place them in an open, airy situ- 
ation, towards the sun, that the pod, which is of a tough texture, 
may dry and become brittle, so as readily to break and give out 
the seed freely, whether it be threshed or rubbed out.” 
2 R. caupa`rus (Lin. mant. 95. Lin. fil. dec. 1. t. 10.) pods 
depressed, acuminated, decumbent, longer than the whole plant. 
©.H. Native of Java. Root fusiform. Differing from the 
rest of this section in the pods being 1-celled, and from the 
section Raphanistrum, in the pods not being torulose, and from 
both by the calyx being bisaccate at the base, as well as the seeds 
being oblong, not round. The stems are purplish, with a glau- 
cous hue, at first they are erect, but at last they become pros- 
trate. Flowers the size of those of common Wallflower; pur- 
plish and veined. This plant is called in Java Mougri, where 
the pods are gathered and eaten as a condiment. 
Tailed-podded Radish. Fl. May, Aug. Clt. 1815. Pl. 1 foot. 
Secr. II. Rapnanystrum (altered from Raphanus.) D. C. 
syst. 2. p. 666. prod. 1. p. 229.—Gært. fruct. 2. p. 300. t. 143. 
Silique terete, acuminated, having the form of a necklace (f. 41. 
m.) when mature, 1-celled ; joints 1-seeded. 
3 R. rosrra'rus (D. C. syst. 2. p. 666.) pods I-celled, 4 0r 
5-seeded, with striated joints, shorter than the subulate-conica 
style. ©? H. Native of the north of Persia near Lenkeran. 
R. Raphanistrum var. Fisch. in litt. Flowers purplish. 
Beaked-podded Radish. FI. Ju. Jul. Clt. 1828. Pl. 14 foot. 
4 R. rapnani'strum (Lin, spec. 953.) pods 1-celled, 3 to 8- 
seeded, jointed, longer than the style; leaves simply lyrate. 
©.H. Native throughout the whole of Europe in corn-fields ; & 
troublesome weed, plentiful in Britain. Oed. fl. dan. t. 678. Cor 
fl. lond. t. 267. Schkuhr. handb. no. 1911. t. 188. Smith, eng} 
bot. t. 856. R. sylvéstris, Lam. fl. fr. 2. p. 495. Rapistrum 
