VIOLARIE. 
pendage (f. 64. e.) or nectarial glands, which are drawn in within 
the spur or hollow (f. 63. d.). Ovary 1-celled, many-seeded (f. 
62. g. f. 66. d.) or rarely 1-seeded from abortion. Placentas 3, 
parietal, one in the middle of each valve, opposite the 3 exterior 
petals. Style 1, permanent, usually declinate, perforated, and 
recurved at the top, and therefore the stigma is somewhat lateral 
(£. 64. f.). Capsule 3-valved (f. 62. g.), the valves generally open- 
ing from the apex to the base, usually with elasticity. The seeds 
have 3 coverings, the outer one is membranous, more or less 
thickened at the hilum into a caruncle; umbilical vessel united 
with the epidermis from the hilum to the vertex of the seed, 
forming aline which is hardly prominent, expanded into a wrinkled 
areola at the top. Testa crustaceous, brittle, usually smooth, 
but sometimes striated, rarely scrobiculate; inner membrane 
very thin, adhering, usually dotted with brown in the vertex. 
Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, 
with the radicle towards the base of the seed, not towards the 
hilum, with an inconspicuous plumule, and usually flat cotyle- 
dons. Herbs, sub-shrubs, or middle-sized shrubs, with alter- 
nate, rarely opposite leaves, simple, usually involute before ex- 
pansion, all furnished with stipulas. Flowers erect or drooping, 
pedunculate, axillary; peduncles sometimes solitary or numer- 
ous, 1-flowered, and bibracteolate; sometimes branched, with 
the pedicels 1-flowered, and bibracteolate, rising singly from the 
axillee of the bracteas. 
This order comes very near Polygalee, Droseracee and Pas- 
sifloree, but differs from Polygàleæ in the fruit being 1-celled, 
not 2-celled, in the leaves being furnished with stipulas, not 
exstipulate, as well as in the anthers being 2-celled, not 1-celled. 
It differs from Droseracee in the style being solitary, not 3-6, 
and in the embryo being elongated, as well as in the leaves being 
involute before expansion, not circinal, and furnished with stipu- 
las, not exstipulate. It differs from Passifloree in the fruit 
being capsular, not baccate, and in the stamens being hypogy- 
nous, not perigynous, as well as in the anthers being adnate to 
the middle of the filaments, not fixed by the middle ; stigmas 1, 
not 3.. The genus Hymenanthéra agrees with Polygalee in the 
pericarp being 1-seeded ; seed pendulous, or the pericarp, ac- 
cording to Mr. Brown, is 2-celled, and the cells 1-seeded. The 
genus Calyptrion, and some species of Noiséttia, agree with 
Passifloree in having twining stems. 
This is a very favourite order with gardeners, consisting, as it 
chiefly does, of violets; a great part of which are hardy, her- 
baceous plants. The tribe Alsodinee consists of tropical trees 
and shrubs of little beauty, with regular flowers. The roots 
of all the herbaceous and annual kinds act as emetics like the 
Tpecacuanha. 
Synopsis of the Genera. 
` Trise I. 
Vio Lem (D. C. prod. 1. p-288.). Petals 5, unequal (f. 64. c.). 
Sepals 5 (f. 64. a.), in two series, 3 in the outer and 2 in the 
‘ner, the last are narrower than the outer series. Pericarp 3- 
valved (f. 64. k.), dehiscent, with a placenta in the middle of each 
317 
valve (f. 62. g.). Stamens alternating mith the petals ; filaments 
dilated, free, or rarely joined, drawn out beyond the anthers ; 
therefore the anthers appear as if fixed to the middle of the fila- 
ments on the inner side; cells of anthers opening slonly into 
2-valves. 
1 Caty’prrion. Sepals nearly equal (f. 62. a.). 
petal large, drawn out into a pouch at the base. 
free ; appendages of 4? anterior anthers, long and filiform, 
bearded. Capsule trigonal, 1-3 or many-seeded (f. 62. g.). 
Climbing shrubs. 
2 Notse’tt1a_ Sepals unequal (f. 63. e.). Lower petal large 
(f. 63. b.), drawn out at the base into a long cylindrical tube (f. 
3.c.). Stamens free; appendages of the 2 anterior anthers 
awl-shaped. Capsule obsoletely trigonal, many-seeded. Erect 
Lower 
Stamens 
or climbing shrubs. 
3 ScHWEIGGE RIA. 
ones hastately biauriculate at the base. 
cordate (f. 64. b.), drawn out at the base into an unequal-sided 
spur (f. 64. e.). Stamens free, pressed to the ovary; append- 
ages of 2 anterior anthers, awl-shaped] (f. 64. e.). Little 
trees. 
4 Vioxa. 
base more or less into ear-like appendages. 
out at the base into a hollow spur. Stamens approximate, the 
2 anterior anthers furnished with long awl-shaped appendages. 
Capsule trigonal ; valves opening with elasticity. Usually herbs, 
rarely small shrubs. l 
5 Erre`rron. In every respect the same as Viola, but the se- 
pals are hardly drawn out at the base, and the lower petal is not 
drawn out into a spur at the base; but furnished with a small 
Anthers without appendages. Creeping herbs. 
Calyx hardly equal. Lower petal large, with a 
Stamens approximate, with a nectarial gland on 
A pilose, erect herb. 
Sepals unequal (f. 64. a.) 3 exterior 
Lower petal large, 
Calyx with unequal sepals, all drawn out at the 
Lower petal drawn 
gibbosity. 
6 SOLEA. 
gibbous base. 
the outside of two of the filaments. 
7 Pomsa'tia. Sepals of calyx large, with prickly margins. 
Lower petal long, somewhat gibbous at the base. Stamens 
free; two of the filaments are furnished each with a nectarial 
gland at the base. Capsule as in Viola. Erect, villous herbs. 
8 Picea. Sepals unequal. Lower petal very large, gibbous 
at the base. Stamens free, lobes of anthers ending in a bristle. 
Capsules trigonal. Herbs or sub-shrubs. 
9 Ionip1um. Sepals unequal. Lower petal large, rather gib- 
bous or concave at the base. Stamens approximate, the 2 anterior 
filaments usually furnished each with a nectarial gland at the base. 
Capsule, as in Viola, elastic. Herbs or sub-shrubs. 
10 Hysa’nruus. Sepals unequal. Lower petal long, saccate 
at the base. Stamens connate at the base, the 2 inferior fila- 
ments bearing each a large shell-formed gland at the base. Cap- 
sule obovate, few-seeded. Inelegant shrubs, usually spinose., 
11 Ancute‘t1a. Calyx deeply 5-parted, unequal. Lower 
petal large, unguiculate, with a spur at the base. Anthers 
almost sessile ; 2 lower ones on very short filaments, each drawn 
out into a filiform appendage on the back. Capsule large, inflated, 
many-seeded. Erect or climbing shrubs. 
