320 VIOLARIEZ. 
anthers low down; lobes of anthers drawn out at the top? di- 
verging, but approximate at the base ; 2 anterior filaments bear- 
ing on their back nectariferous awl-shaped appendages, which 
are drawn in within the spur (f. 64. e.). Stigma ascending, usually 
drawn out downwards into a somewhat spatulate appendage, 
somewhat inflexed at the top (f. 64. f.). Capsule 1-celled, 3- 
valved, many-seeded (f. 64. %.); seeds fixed to the middle of 
the valves. Branched shrubs with reddish bark, about 6 feet high. 
Leaves simple, alternate, serrated, deciduous, feather-nerved ; 
stipulas small. Peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, axillary, brac~ 
teate. This is an intermediate genus between Novséttia and 
Viola, differing from both in the form of the calyx. 
1 S. rrorrpu’Npa (St. Hil. mem. mus, 11. p. 456. t. 22. b.) 
leaves ovate-oblong, tapering to both ends, acute, and acutely 
serrate-toothed ; peduncles axillary. h. S. Native of Brasil on 
Flowers white ; lower petal cu- 
Glossarrhen 
mountains near Rio Janeiro. 
neated, streaked with yellow and red at the base. 
floribúndus, Mart. fl. bras. 1. p. 22. t. 15. 
Bundle-flowered Tongue-violet. 
Fl. Sept. Oct. Sh. 4-5 feet. 
2 S. pavcirLora (Mart. fl. bras. 
1. p.23. act. bonn, 12. p. 48, under 
Glossarhen) leaves tapering much 
to the base, obovately-spatulate, ob- 
tuse, crenately serrulated ; pedun- 
cles axillary. h.S. Native of Brasil 
in the province of Bahia in shady 
stony places at the river Atahype. 
Flowers white (f. 64.). 
Few-flowered Tongue-violet. Fl. 
Dec. Sh. 4 to 6 feet. 
Cult. These beautiful shrubs 
will thrive in a mixture of loam, 
sand, and peat, and young cuttings 
will strike root readily if planted in 
sand under a hand-glass, in heat. 
IV. VIOLA (iov, ion, a violet, in Greek. The ancients 
feigned that violets were the first food of the cow Io, one of Ju- 
piter’s mistresses). Tourn. inst. 419. t. 236. D.C. prod. 1. 
p.291. Viola, spec. Lin. 
Lin. syst. Pentdndria, Monogynia. Sepals unequal, all 
more or less drawn out downwards into ear-like appendages, 
(produced from the dilatation of the nerves,) erect after flowering. 
Petals unequal, convolute in estivation, with 3-nerved claws, 
lower one drawn out downwards, more or less into a hollow spur. 
Stamens approximate or coarctate (not joined) inserted on the 
top of the teeth of a pentagonal, 5-toothed torus. Filaments 
dilated at the base, oblong, or triangular, bearing the anthers 
low down ; lobes of anthers spreading at the base; the 2 ante- 
rior stamens bearing on their back 2 nectariferous, filiform ap- 
pendages of various shapes, which are drawn in within the spur. 
Ovary sometimes superior, sometimes girded round at the base 
by a concave torus, and therefore in this case appears half 
inferior. Valves of capsule elastic, contracting at maturity and 
ejecting the seeds. Seeds horizontal, manifestly carunculate, 
more or less egg-shaped and shining. Embryo oblong ; radicle 
rather terete ; cotyledons usually oblong-orbicular, flattish, 
scarcely longer than the radicle. Elegant, low herbs, for the 
most part perennial, rarely annual, sometimes with a very short 
or subterraneous stem, these are called stemless, sometimes 
caulescent, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate, marcescent. 
Peduncles solitary, axillary 1-flowered, furnished with 2 little 
bracteas, not jointed, reflexed at the top. Flowers drooping. 
Seminal leaves oblong or ovate, stalked ; primordial leaves oppo- 
site, rarely meeting together, The roots of all the species act 
. 
III. SCHWEIGGERIA. 
IV. VioLA. 
as emetics, some are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha, and 
it has been ascertained by analysis that they contain the same 
principle. In medicine the flowers of violets act as a laxative, 
and the syrup is used by chemists to detect an acid or an alkali; 
for this purpose the V. odoràta is cultivated to some extent at 
Stratford upon Avon. 
We have here followed M. Gingins in the arrangement of the 
species according to the form of the stigmas, but whether this 
character has been sufficiently ascertained in all the species we 
are not at present able to say. ` 
Secr. I. Nomr’nrum (a name applied by old authors to some 
kinds of violets). Ging. mss. D. C. prod. 1. p. 291. Stigma 
beaked, with a little chink or hole situated on the apex of the 
beak, which is more or less recurved, sometimes marginated 
below, hence flattish and oblique, sometimes without the mar- 
gin, and thence rather convex below. Style tapering from the 
top to the base. Stamens oblong, approximate. Torus flattish. 
Capsules usually 3-sided. Seeds 15-27. Seminal leaves 
usually obovate or oblong. 
§ 1. Stigmas depressed at the top, or marginated in the orb 
below. Stemless herbs. 
* Roots (Rhizomas?) toothed, more or less fleshy, usually 
oblique. 
+ Leaves pedate, or lobed, 
1 V. pepa ra (Lin. spec. 1323.) stigma large, compressed at 
the sides, obliquely truncate at the top, and perforated, with a 
very short beak ; leaves full of pellucid dots, pedately many- 
parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, variously lobed; stipulas 
pectinately jagged, adhering a considerable way; petals all 
smooth, superior one truncate ; sepals lanceolate, acute, ciliated, 
emarginate behind. %. H. Native from New England to Ca- 
rolina, on dry sandy hills and in fields. Curt. bot. mag. 89. 
Andr. bot. rep. t. 153. Flowers large, beautiful blue, with a 
white base. 
Var. a, lineariloba (D. C. prod. 1. p. 291.) leaves pedately 
5-7 parted; partitions multifid ; lobes linear-lanceolate, entire, 
ciliated. Curt. bot. mag.t. 89. Sweet, fl. gard. t. 69. Flowers 
pale blue. Native of Virginia. 
Var. B, ranunculifolia (Ging. mss. and D. C. prod. l. c) 
leaves deeply lobed. V. ranunculifòlia, Poir. dict. 8. p. 626? 
Flowers whitish? Perhaps the same as the following. 
Pedate-leaved Violet. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1759. Pl. 4 ft. 
2 V. seprentosa (Le Conte in ann. lyc. new york, 2. P 
141.) quite smooth, shining ; leaves rather succulent, ovate, Cor- 
date, toothed, lower ones entire, the rest pedately 7-lobed ; 
middle lobe large ; peduncles somewhat tetragonal, longer than 
the leaves; sepals lanceolate, entire behind; petals all entire, 
upper one large, villous at the base, 2 lateral ones densely 
bearded. 4. H. Native of North America in Carolina and 
Georgia, in pine-woods. Flowers large, 2 inches in diameter, 
blue, but white at the base, and marked with darker lines. This 
plant comes very near in habit to V. pedàta, but 1s much 
stronger, and is more worthy of that name than the plant that 
bears it. 
Var. B, albiflora (Le Conte, 1. c.) flowers white. 
Seven-lobed-leaved Violet. Fl. April, June. Clt. Pl. 3! 
3 V. PEDATIFIDA; leaves pedately 34parted, middle partition 
trifid, lateral ones bifid, all lobed. Very like V. pedata, but 
differs in the two lateral petals being bearded. 4. H. Native 
of North America. Flowers beautiful blue. 1 ft 
Pedatifid-leaved Violet. Fl. May, June. Cit. 1826. Pl 4 E 
4 V. piita Ta (Pursh. fl. amer. sept. 1. p. 171.) leaves pa” 
mately 5-7-lobed, tapering into the petiole behind ; lobes entire 
uy. H. Native of Virginia. Flowers pale blue. 
Digitate-leaved Violet. Fl, May. Clt.? Pl. ; foot. 
4 
1 foot. 
} foot 
