CARYOPHYLLEZ. 
hand-glass, and make an impression on the surface, in order to 
know where to put in the pipings. The pipings should then be 
planted in neatly and regularly, but never more than half an 
inch deep, and about an inch distant from each other; after this 
they should receive a gentle watering, in order to fix the earth 
more closely about them, and thereby keep out the air; after 
this watering they are to remain open, but not exposed to the 
sun till their leaves become dry, after which the glass is to be 
placed over them carefully on the same mark that was made by 
it previously upon the surface of the soil. The bottom edge of 
the glass is to be pressed into the soil to prevent the admission 
of too much air. What further remains to be done is diligently 
to attend to their management with respect to sun and air. The 
soil ought to be kept regularly moist until they have emitted 
fibres. Whenever they are watered the glasses should remain 
off until their leaves are dry. The pipings should have a little 
of the morning sun, but must be shaded when the heat becomes 
considerable ; this may be prevented by placing mats upon a 
slight frame of hoops. The glasses should be occasionally 
taken off to admit air, dull cloudy warm weather is the best 
time, but if this should not occur, the glasses may be removed a 
little time in the morning. After the cuttings are tolerably well 
rooted, the glass may be taken off altogether, as they will be no 
longer necessary. But as the pipings do not all root at one 
time, those that strike first should be taken out and planted in 
pots, these may be known by the superior verdure and growth 
of the plants. 
It is necessary to know the exact plants that the pipings have 
been taken from, because it seldom happens that the pipings taken 
from run or degenerated flowers, produce any thing but run flowers, 
and consequently not worth preserving. The layers and pipings 
of the most beautifully variegated flowers will frequently produce 
run blossoms, but it is impossible to prevent this, especially 
amongst the rich high-coloured sorts, when they grow in a rich 
compost. Hogg begins sooner to put in pipings than putting down 
the layers, before the shoots get hard and woody ; he begins about 
the Ist of J uly. Plants raised from pipings are much sounder than 
those raised from layers, but still as layering is the surest mode 
àe only makes pipings of such shoots as appear crowded, or too 
short, or too high up on the plant, to be laid easily. He plants 
them on a bed of dung blood warmth, in a compost of equal parts 
of maiden earth, leaf-mould, rotten horse dung, adding a portion 
of sand equal to a sixth of the mass, finely sifted together, that the 
Cuttings when stuck in may enter easily and without injury. The 
best glasses for pipings are those made of common window glass, 
8 inches Square and 6 inches deep, and the less air they contain the 
Sooner will the cuttings strike root. If the weather proves dry 
and hot they will require to be watered occasionally with a fine 
Tose early in the morning over the glasses, which for one fort- 
night at least need not be removed if they are doing well. 
After this the glasses may be taken off for half an hour occa- 
Sionally in the morning, and dried before they are put on again, 
qa if you find any of the pipings mildewed or rotten, pull 
em up. At the end of 6 weeks they will be sufficiently 
rooted to be transplanted into small pots or a prepared bed, over 
which it would be adviseable to place a frame and lights for a 
. eek or ten days, till they take fresh root. There they may 
emain till the middle of September. In taking them up, if you 
done) not rooted, but sound, and their ends hard and callous, 
to a Nott et them remain upon the same spot, but remove them 
with er bed, with a little temporary heat, and cover them 
haster aes as before; this will not fail to start them, and 
leir fibring. 
raise 2 gation by seed. Carnation-seed is rather difficult to 
of th r ripen in this country, owing to the moisture and cold 
e autumnal months, It is generally procured from Vienna, 
If. Diantuvs. 389 
and different towns of Switzerland, and if put in vials and well 
corked will keep for years. To raise it in this country Mad- 
dock gives the following directions. Those flowers which have 
few petals generally produce most seed, but they should be 
possessed of the best properties in other respects, viz. their 
petals should be large, broad, substantial, and perfectly entire at 
the edge, and their colours rich and regularly distributed, and in 
due proportion throughout the whole blossom. The plants 
should be selected from the rest, and their pots should stand 
upon a stage, defended against earwigs, in an open part of the 
garden, in which situation they should remain during bloom, 
and until the seed is perfectly matured ; their blossoms should 
be defended against rain, by having glass paper or tin covers 
suspended over them in such a manner as to admit the free cir- 
culation of the air; the pots should neither be kept very wet 
nor very dry; nor will it be proper to cut or mutilate the plants 
either for their layers or for pipings, till the seed becomes ripe, 
because it would certainly weaken them, and consequently in- 
jure, if not destroy their seed. When the bloom is over, and 
the petals become withered and dry, they should be care- 
fully drawn out of the pod or calyx, being apt to retain a degree 
of moisture at their base, engendering a mouldiness or decay in 
that part, which will destroy the seed. ‘There is another me- 
thod adopted successfully in ripening seed, which is, when the 
petals begin to decay, they are to be taken out as above, taking 
care to leave the two styles; the calyx is then to be carefully 
shortened, and an aperture made on one side of the remainder, 
so that no water can possibly get between the capsule and the 
calyx ; but this must be performed with great care, not to in- 
jure the capsule. It is best to allow the open side of the calyx 
to incline a little down, so as to prevent moisture from enter- 
ing. The seeds ripen in August; this may be known by the 
capsule turning brown, or the seed black, or of a dark-brown 
colour, but if gathered before it is perfectly ripe, the greatest 
part proves small, pale-coloured, and unproductive. When 
gathered it should remain in the capsule till the middle of May 
in the next year ; it is then to be sown in pots filled with the 
compost, and have a little fine mould sifted upon it, barely suf- 
ficient to cover the seed; the pots should then be placed in an 
airy situation in the garden, be shaded from the heat of the sun, 
and kept moderately moist, but never very wet. As soon as 
the young plants have six leaves, and are about three inches high, 
they should be planted out on a bed of good rich garden mould 
at about 10 or 12 inches asunder, and be defended from excess 
of rain and severe frosts by mats on hoops, placed over the bed 
in the usual manner; they will generally blow the following 
summer. Hogy’s directions differ in nothing of importance from 
Maddock’s. He says it often happens out of 200 blooming 
plants, you will not be able to get two pods of perfect seed. 
More seed was saved in the dry summer of 1818, than in any 
seven preceding years. Seedlings require two years to bloom, 
and the chance of getting a good new flower is reckoned as 1 to 
100. If a florist raises 6 good new Carnations in his life time 
he is to be considered fortunate. Seed out of the same pod, he 
says, is reported to produce flowers of all the different varieties, 
flakes, bizarres, &c. Emmerton experienced that seed from a 
scarlet flake will produce a scarlet-bizarre and a rose or pink flake. 
Soil.—Hogg takes three barrows of loam, one and a half of 
garden mould, ten ditto of horse-dung, one ditto of coarse sand ; 
let these be mixed and thrown together in a heap, and turned 
two or three times in the winter, particularly in frosty weather, 
that it may be well incorporated. On a dry day towards the 
end of November, he takes a barrow full of fresh lime, which, 
as soon as it is slacked, he strews over while hot in turning 
the heap; this accelerates the rotting of the fibrous particles of 
the loam, lightens the soil, and destroys the grub-worms and 
