F OE N 



p?.rate its Conftituent particles, which mXitual at- 



traftion caiifed to cohere before, and keep them at 



liich a diftance from each other, as that they are 



without the fphere of one anothers attraction as long 



as that violent motion lafts.? And do not they, when 



that is over, and the heat is fiown out, come nearer 



to, attraft one another, and co'alefce again ? 



As therefore the caufe of cohefion of the parts of foHd 



bodies appears to be their mutual attraction, fo the 



.chief caufe of fluidity feems to be a contrary mo- 



. .tion impreffed on the particles of fluids, by which 



'- they avoid and fly one another, as foon as they come 



. at, and as long as they keep at, fuch a difliance from 



_. each other. , i : -, . t j^ii-:.' 



■;""lt is obferved alfo in fluids, that the direftion of 

 their preflTure againft the.vefTels which contain them, 

 is in lines perpendicular to the fides of fuch veiTels ; 

 which property being the neceflary refult of thepar- 

 tides of any fluid's being fpherical, it fhevys chat the 

 parts of all fluids are fo, or of a figure nearly ap- 

 -/proaching thereto. "r 



. Dr. Clarke fays, That if the parts of a body do not 



touch each other, or eafily Aide over one another, and 



' are of fuch a magnitude as that they may be eafily 



agitated by heat, and the heat be fufficiently great to 



agitate them i though perhaps it may be jefs than fuf- 



;.; fices to prevent water from freezing •, or even though 



,v. the parts be not aftually moved, yet if they be fmall, 



•viifmooth, flippe'ry, and of fuch a figure and magni- 



jK^tude as difpofes them to move and give way, that 



--r body is fluid. 



. .'And yet the particles of fuch fluid bodies do, in fome 

 meafure, cohere; as is evident hence, that mercury, 

 when >vell purged of air, will be fuftained in the ba- 

 rometer to the height of fixty or feventy inches i that 

 . . ^water will afcend in capillary tubes, even in vacuo -, 

 r ■ and that the drops of liquors in vacuo run into a fphe- 

 ■. rical form, as adhering by fome mutual cohefion, 

 ^:.vlike that between poliflied marble planes^rrj- .^ ^-^ 

 . ; .. .To this may be added, that thefe^ fa^d bodies, if they 

 confifl: of particles which are eafily entangled witi 



-i i'-i ^ 



■ i ' 



each other, as oil -, or if they be capable of being ftifF- 



^T;^ened by cold, and joined by the interpofition of certain 



. t^cunei or wedges, as water, they are eafily rendered 



, Iiard y but if their particles are fuch as can neither be 



.,-;entangled as air, nor ftiffened by cold, as quickfilver, 



then they never grow hard and fixed. .^ -. 



^>..In Ihort, the Cartefians define a fluid to be a body, 



. the parts of which are in continual intefl:ine motion ; 



. and Dr. Hook, Mr. Boyle, and Dr. Boerhaave, tho* 



they differ in opinion widely from Cartefianifm, fub- 



fcribe to the definition, and alledge arguments to 



I . prove, that the parts of fluids are in continual mo- 



^^ tion. and even that it is this motion which confliitutes 



fiuidity; and the latter of them afcnbes this, and all 



- .motion, to fire. See Fire. . , 



.Fluids then are either natural, as water and mercury •, 



or animal, as blood, milk, bile, lympha, urine, &c. 



or factitious, as wines, fpirit*, oils, &c. 



FCENICULUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 311: tab. 



-164. Anethum. Lin. Gen. Plant. 326. Fennel-, in 



. French, Fenouih ^ 



The Characters are, 



// hath an umhellated flower ^ the great umbel is com- 



■j : t^fid of many fmaller, which have no involucrum ; the 



i.y: umbel is uniform \ the flowers have five incurved petals^ 



and five ftamina^ terminated by romdip fummits : the 



.., germen is fituated under the flower] fuppor ting two fmall 



: ftyi^^'i crowned by roundifh ftigmas. Ithe germen after- 



.t ward turns to an oblong fruity deeply channelled^ dividing 



[ .; into two par ts^ each containing a fingte feed-, flat on one 



^.^ftde^ but convex and channelled on the other. 



This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection 

 of Tournefort's feventh clafs, which includes the herbs 

 with umbellated flowers difpofed circularly, w^hofe em- 

 palement turns to two narrow, oblong, thick feeds. 

 Dr. Linn^us has joined this genus to Anethum, 

 which is placed in the fecond feftion of his fifth clafs' 

 with thofe plants whofe flowers have five ftamina and 

 tvvofl:yles. But as the feeds of Fennel are oblong, 



5 



rf W ^' -^ E . 





i 



F OE N 



thick, and channelled, and thofe of Dill flat and bor 

 dercd, it is much better to keep them feparatc iha 

 to join them in the fame genUs. 

 The Species are, 



1. FoENicuLUM {Vulgare) foliis decompofitis, folioFs 

 brevioribus multifidis, Icmine breviore. Fennel *^'uU 

 decompounded leaves^ whofe fmall leaves, are fjorier cod 

 end in many points^ and a floorter feed. Fcx^nicuJum 

 vulgare Germanicum. C. B. P. 147. Comfnon Fcnnd 



2. FoENicuLUM (Z)w/(;f) foliis decompofitis, foliolis lon^ 

 gioribus, femine longiori. Fennel with deccmpcunici 



• : leaves^ whofe fmall leaves are^ very lotig^ and a longer 

 y feed, Fceniculum dulce, majore & albo femine. J.'^B 



. , : 3. p. 2, 4. S'lrnet Fennel having a larger white feed, 



3. F0ENICU.LUM {Azoricum) humilius, radice cauje- 

 — fcente carnofo, feminibus recurvis, radice annua. 

 . . , Dwarf Fennel with a flefloy ft alky recurved feeds^ and 

 _: an annual root, Foeniculum dulce Azoricum. Pluk, 



Aim. Sweet Azorian Fennel^ called Finochio, 

 The firft fort is the common Fennel, v/hich is culti- 

 vated in the gardens, and has fown iticlf in many 

 places, where it has been introduced in fuch plenty, 

 as to appear as if it were a native in England j but ic 

 is no v/iiere found at a great diftance from gardens, fo 

 ■ has been undoubtedly brought into England. There 

 are two varieties of this, one with light green leaves, 

 . and the other with very dark leaves •, but thcfe I be- 

 lieve are only varieties which arife from the fame 

 feeds ; but this is very difiicult to afcertain \ foi- un- 

 lefs the feeds wefe fown feparately in fome place whei 

 neither of thefe plants have been growing before, it 

 .cannot be done ; for the feeds of thefe plants which 

 . , have fcattered, will remain in the ground fome years, 

 r,.and when. exppfed. near the furface will grow ^ fothac 

 the plants become troublefome weeds, wherever 

 .: their feeds h*ave been fufFered to fcatter ; and they fre- 

 .; quently come , up v^here other feeds are fown, and 



• thereby the two forts may accidentally mix. ,;v,.t| 

 \, The common Fennel is fo well known, as to need 



no defcription.''This hath a ftrong flelhy root, whid 

 penetrates deep in|o the ground, and will condnuefc- 

 veral years. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen ia 

 autumn. The beft time to fow the feeds, is fooa 

 after they are ripe j the plants will come up in the au- 

 tumn or the following fpring, and require no other 

 care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thia 

 the plants where they are too clofe •, it will grow ia 

 any foil or fituation. The leaves, feeds, and roots 

 : of this, are ufed in medicine \ the root is one of the 

 itve opening roots, 



carminative feeds. There is a fimple water made 

 from the leaves, and a difl:illed oil from the feed. 

 The fweet Fennel has been by many fuppofed only a 

 variety of the common fort, but I have cultivated ic 

 in the fame ground with that, where it has ahyays re- 

 tained its diflferences. The leaves of this are very 



•» 



h* 



f > 



- ■ - J 



and the feed one of the greater 



'long and flender, growing more fparfedly, and do not 

 end in fo many'.points as thofe of the common fort; 

 the fl:alks do not rife fo high, and the feeds are longer, 

 narrower, and of a lighter colour. Thefe feeds are 

 generally imported from Germany or Italy, and are 

 by fome preferred to thofe of the common fort for 

 ufe, being much fweeter- 



This may be propagated in the fame manner as the 

 former fort, being very hardy, but the roots are not 



of fo lono; duration. 



- J - 



The third fort is fuppofed to have been originally 

 brought from the Azorian libnds ; it has been lon| 

 " cultivated in Italy as a fallad herb, under the title ot 

 Finochio ; and there arc fome few gardens in England? 

 where it is now cultivated, but in Imall quantities, for 

 there are not many Englifh palates which relifl^ it, nor 

 is it eafy to be furnifhed with good feeds ; thofe whica 

 are annually brought from Italy feldom prove good; 

 and it is difficult to fave it in England, becaufe 

 winter frequently kills thofe plants which are left tor 

 feeds ; and when any good plants of the early lowing 

 are left for feeds, they do not ripen, unlefs the win- 

 ter proves very favourable. 



the 



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