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plants will come up and thrive •, and in thcfc hedges 

 the trees frequently arepermitted to grow tiii they have 

 dcttroyed the hedge, for there is Icarce any tree io 

 hurtful to ail kinds of vegetables as the Alh, which 

 robs every plant of its nourilhment within the reach 

 of its roots, t))erefore Ihould never be fulTcrcd to grow 

 in hedge rows ; for they not only kill the hedge, but 

 impoverJlh Corn, or whatfoeverisfown near them. Nor 

 fhouid Alh-trees be permitted to grow»near pafture 

 crrounds, for if any of the cows eat of the leaves or 

 Ihoots of the Afh, all the butter which is made of their 

 milk will be rank and of no value ; which is always 

 the quality^ of the butter which is made about Gujld- 

 ford, Godalmin, andfome other parts of Surry, where 

 there are Aih-trees growing about all their paftures, 

 lb that it is very rare to meet with any butter in thofe 

 places which is fit to eat ; but in all the good dairy 

 countries, they never fufFer an Afli-tree to grow. 

 If a wood of thefe trees is rightly managed, it will 

 turn o-reatly to the advantage of its owner ^ for by 

 the under-wood, which will be fit to cut every feven 

 or eif^ht years, for poles or hoops, there will be 

 continual income more than fufficient to pay the rent 

 of the ground, and all other charges j and Hill there 

 will be a (lock preferved for timber, which in a few 

 years will be worth forty or fifty fhillings per tree. 

 This timber is of excellent ufe to the wheelwright 

 and cartwright, for ploughs, axle-trees, wheel-rings, 

 harrows, bulls, oars, blocks for puUies, and many 

 other purpofes. 



The befl: feafon for felling of thefe trees is from 

 November to February •, for if it be done either too 

 early in autumn, or too late in the fpring, the timber 

 will be fubjeft to be infefled with worms, and other 

 ink&s i but for lopping pollards, the fpring is pre- 

 , ferable for all foft woods. 



FREEZING is the fixing of a fluid, or the de- 

 ^ priving it of its natural mobility by the aftion of cold ; 



6tlily, That water which lias been boiled, does no^ 



freeze lo readily as tliat which lia^ not. 

 7thly, 'rharwater, being covered over with a fur- 

 face of oil of Olives, docs not freeze lb readily as it 

 docs wichovir it -, and that nut oil abiblutely prcferves 

 it under a Itrong froll, when OHve oil will not. 

 Sthly, That fpirit of wine, nut oil, and oil of turoen- 



tinc, do not freeze at all. 



turpen 



g' 



or It 



the a6l of converting a fluid fubflance into a 



firm, coherent, rigid one, called ice. 

 -The principal phsenomena of freezing are, 

 ift. That Water being dilated or rarefied, and all 

 fluids, oil excepted, i. e. in freezing, take up more 

 fpace, and are fpecifically lighter than they were before. 

 That the' bulk and dimenfions of water are increafed 



r — 



by freezing, is found by many experiments, and it j from thofe numerous bubbles which are produced in 



9thly, That the furface of the water, in freezin 

 appears all wrinkled ; the wrinkles being fomedmes 

 in parallel lines, and fometimcs like rays prcceedino- 

 from a center to the circumference. 

 The theories of freezing, or the method of account- 

 ing for thefe phenomena, are very many. 

 The chief principles that difierent authors have gone 

 upon, are, either that fome foreign matter is intro- 

 duced within the pores of the fluid, by means of 

 which it is fixed, its bulk increafed, &c. 

 Or that fome matter which was naturally contained 

 in the fluid is now expelled, by reafcn of the abfence 

 of which, the body becomes fixed. 

 Or that there is fome alteration produced in the tex- 

 ture or form, either of the particles of the fluid itfelf, 

 or of fomething that is contained within it. 

 To fome one of thefe principles all the fyflems of 

 freezina; are reducible. 



The Cartefians explicate freezing by the recefs or 

 going out of the ethereal matter from the pores of the 

 water, or other liquor ; which being once done, the 

 finer parts are too fmall and flexible to keep the long, 

 flender, and eel-like particles of water fluent, or ia 

 the form of a liquor. 



But the Corpufcularians, or GafTendifls, afcribe the 

 freezing of water, with more probability, to the in- 

 grefs of multitudes of cold or frigorific particles, as 

 they call them ; which, entering the liquor in fwarins, 

 and difperfing themfelves every way through it, croud 

 into the pores of the water, and hinder the wonted 

 agitation of its parts, 'and wedge it up, as it were, 

 into the hard or confiflient body of ice ; and from 

 hence proceeds its increafe of dimenfions, coldnefs, 

 &c. 



That ice is fpecifically lighter than the water out of 

 which it is by freezing made, is certain by its fwim- 



and that this lightnefs of ice proceeds 



mmg m it 



being 



may not be improper here to take notice of the pro- 



. cefs of nature. 

 A glafs veflTel then, I A, full of water to A, 

 immerged in a veflTel of winter niixed 

 Vith fait G H K L, the water prefently 



: rifts from D to C ; which feems owing 



to the fudderi conftriftion of the veflTel, 



■ haltily plunged into (o cold a medium : 



: fopn after, from the point C, it con- 



v tinually defcends condepfipg, tiU it ar- 

 rives at the point F { where;, for fome 



, time, it feems to remain at refl : but 



It loon recovers itfelf, and begins to ex- 

 pand, rifing from F to E, and from' ^^ 

 thence foon after, by one violent l^ap, H^ 



'.mounts toB; and here the.wgter in I ^ 

 is immediately feen all thick and cloudy, 



:. -ind, in the veiy infl:ant of this leap, is 

 • converted into ice.' Add, that while the 5 , 



:'Kjp is growing harder, and fome of the water near the 

 nec^ of the veflTel I is freezing, the flux oF the wa- 

 ter is continued above B towards A,^ and at length 

 runs out at the vefieL " J ' 



2uly, That they lofe not only of the fpecific, but 

 alfd of their abfolute gravity, by freezing; fo that 

 when they are thawed again, they are found confider- 

 sbly lighter than before. 



u -^^ frozen .water is not quite fo tranfparent 

 as when it was liquid, and that bodies do not perfpire 

 lo freely through it. 



4tnly, That water,. when frozen, evaporates almofl: 

 as much as when fluid ' " -'-"■'■ ■ 

 5"uy, That water does not freeze in vacuo, but re- 

 quires the prefence and contiguity pf airV 



it by its congelation, is equally plain ; but how thofe 

 bubbles come to be generated in freezing, and what 

 fubfl:ance they contain in them,' if they are not quite 

 empty, is an inquiry of great importance i and, per- 



if difcovered, may contribute much to the un- 

 deritanams; the nature or cold. ■ 

 Mr. Hobbes will have it comniori air, which, in- 

 truding into the water in congelation, entangles itfelf 

 .with theparticlesoT the fluid, prevents their motion, 

 and produces thofe numerous bubbles, tlius expanding' 

 its hu\ko and rendering it fpecifically lighter. "' \ 

 Put, in anfwer to this, no fuch ingrefs of air into 

 -water appears in its coagulation; and that it does not 

 get into frozen oil is plain, becaufe that body is con-" 

 denfed by being frozen.. - ' ' ~ ' ". "*':■ _' 

 And Mr. Boyle has alfo fliewn, by undoubted ex- 

 periments, that water will freeze in vcflels hermeti- 

 cally fealed; arid in brafs bodies or vefl^els clofely 

 flopped, and into which the air can have no ingrefs, 

 hath yet been turned into' ice, abounding with thefe 

 .bubbles as numerous as'thofe frozen in the open air. 

 He alfo has proved by experiment, that water kept 

 a while in the exhaufted receiver, till all its bubble's 

 'were emerged and gone, being afterwards turned into 

 ice by a freezing mixture, the ice had fcarce any 

 bubbles in it; ^yhence it is plain, that thefe bubbles 

 are filled with fome matter which is within the water, 

 if they are filled with any thing. But he proves alfo, 

 by plain experiments, that they have none, or ex- 

 ceedingly little, true elaft:ic air contained in them." 

 Others^l^ and thofe of the greatefl: number, are of 

 opinion, that the freezing matter is a fait ; and they 

 argue th^t an excefs of cold will render water torpid, 

 byt never congeal it without fait : they fay that thofe 



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