FRO 



Jlower ftrong the fccond year after they are taken from 

 'the roots ; but in order to have plenty of rhefe, the 

 roots fhould not be tranfplantcd oftcner than every 

 third year, by v/luch time each root will have put 

 out feveral offsets, fonne of which will be large enough 

 to flower the following year, fo may be planted in tiie 

 borders of the flower-garden, where they arc to re- 

 main; and the fmaller roots may be planted in a nur- 

 lery-bed, to grow a year or tv/o according to their 

 fize'-, therefore they fhould be forted, and thefmalleft 

 roots planted in a bed together, which fhould remain 

 "here two years, and the larger by themfelves to ftand 

 one year, by which time they will have acquired 

 ftrength enough to flower, fo may then be removed 

 into the pleafure-garden. 



The time for taking up thcfe roots is in the begin- 



of July, when their ftalks will be decayed ; 

 and they may be kept out of the ground two months, 

 but they fliould be laid fingle in a dry fl:iady room, 

 but not in heaps, or in a moift place, which will caufe 

 them to grow mouldy and rot. The offsets fnould be 

 firft planted, for as thefe are fmall, they will be apt 

 to fhrinkif they are kept long out of the ground. 

 As the roots are large, they mufl not be planted 

 too near other flowers ; and when they are planted in 

 beds by themfelves, they fhould not be nearer than a 

 foot and a half in the rows, and two feet row from 

 row *,' they fhould be planted fix inches deep at leaft, 

 efpecially the fl:rong roots : they delight in a light 

 foil, hot too wet, nor very full of dung-, therefore, 

 if any dung is laid upon the borders where they are 

 planted, it fliould be buried pretty deep, fo as to be 

 two or three inches below the roots. 

 The ninth and tenth forts grow naturally at the Cape 

 of Good Hope, from whence they were brought into 

 the European gardens. The ninth has been many 

 years an inhabitant, where it has been ufually titled 

 Corona Regalis. This has a tuberofe root, from which 

 arife in the autumn 'tbc or eight obtufe leaves, near 

 five inches long and two broad toward the top, grow- 

 ing narrower at their bafe, and are crenated on their 

 borders, lying flat on the ground ; thefe continue all 

 the winter : in the fpring arifes the flower-flalk in the 

 center of the leaves, about fix inches high, naked at 

 the bottom-, but the upper part is furrounded by 

 bell-fhaped flowers, compofed of fix greenifh petals, 

 with an oval germen fituate at the bottom, furrounded 

 by fixflamina, fupporting a triangular ftyle, crowned 

 by a trifid fligma; the germen afterwards becomes a 

 roundifli capfule, but rarely perfeds feeds in England. 

 This flowers in April, and the leaves decay in June. 

 The fecpnd fort I raifed from feeds, which were fent 

 me from the Cape of Good Hope : the root of this is 

 like that of the ninth fort, but the leaves are more 

 than a foot long, broad at their bafe, but are narrowed 

 to the top, where they end in acute points j the flower- 

 ftalk rifes rather higher than that of the ninth, but 

 the flowers are of the fame fhape and colour : this 

 feldom flowers till Augufl:. The roots of this fort 

 ,\vere flolen out of the Chelfea garden the following 

 fpring after it had flowered, and were fold to fome 

 perfons whofe love for rare plants exceeded their ho- 



FRO 



■ - . , . 



nefly, 



FRITILLARIA CRASSA. See Asclepias. 

 FRONDOSE [frondofus, La^ full of leaves, 

 or flioots. ^ 



FROST may be defined to be an exceflive cold fl:ate 

 of the weather, whereby the motion and fluidity of 

 the liquors are fufpended -, or, it is that flate of the 

 air, &c. v/hereby fluids are converted into ice. . 



A fcrong barrel of a gun, widi water in it, bein^>p-on 

 ped cloie, and frozen, was rent the whole lerji^th. 

 and a fmall brafs vefild, five inches d.-^cp, and tw^ ;* 

 diameter, filled v/ith water, &c. and frozen, hfrJj 

 up its lid, which was prelTed with a weight of fifty-fiv 

 pounds. 



There are alfo related many remarkable effefts of 

 froft on vegetables. Morery, Hift. de France, fays 

 That trees are frequently fcorched and burnt un 

 with froft, as with the moft excefilve heat, and that 

 even in fo warm a climate as Provence. 

 Mr. Bobart relates, That in the great froft anno 

 1683, Oaks, Afhes, Walnut-trees, &c. were mifera- 

 bly fplit and cleft, fo as they might be feen throu^^h 

 and this too with terrible noifes like the explofioiTof 

 fire arms ; that the clifts were not only in the bodies 

 but continued to the larger boughs, roots, &c' 

 Philof Tranfaft. N° 105. • , .- ,• * 



Dr. Derham fays. That the froft in 1708, was re- 

 markable through the greateft part of Europe-, and 

 the greateft in degree, if not the moft univerlal, in the 

 memory of man v that it extended tiiroughout Eng- 

 land, France, Germany, Denmark, Italy, &c. but 

 was fcarce felt in Scotland and Ireland. All the 

 Orange-trees and Olives in Italy, Provence, &c. and 

 all the Walnut-trees throughout France, jvith an in- 

 finity of other trees, periflicd by the froft'. 



' * 



Monf. Gouteron fays, They had a gangrene on them, 

 which he takes to be the efFec!: of a corrofive fait, 

 which corrupted and deftroyed their texture. He adds, 

 That there isfo much refemblance between the gan- 



' grene befalling plants through froft, and that which 

 the parts of animals are liable to, that they mufthave 

 fome analogous caufe. Corrofive humours burn the ' 

 parts of animals, and the aereal nitre, condenfed, has 

 the fame effefts on the parts of plants. ' Memoiresda 

 1' Academic Royale de Sciences, an. 1709.-: -..f- 

 Dr. Derham fays, That the greateft fuft'crers in^thc 

 animal kingdom were birds and infects, but vegeta- 

 bles were much the greateft fufterers •, that few of the 

 tender forts of vegetables efcaped the feverlty of the 

 froft V Bays, Laurels, Rofemary, Cyprefs, Al^tcrnufci:, 

 Phillyreas, Arbutufes, Lauruftinufes, and even Furz, 

 with moft fort of the frutefcent herbs, as Lavenders, 

 Abrotanums, Rue, Thyme, &c. were generally.de- 

 ftroyed. He adds, that the fap of the finer wall- 



. -fruit was fo congealed and deftroyed, that it ftagmit- 

 ed in the limbs and branches, and produced difor- 

 ders like to chilblains in human bodies, which would 

 turn to mortifications in many parts of the trees; 

 that the very buds of the finer trees, both in the leaf, 

 buds, and bloflTom buds, were quite killed, and dried 

 into a farinacious matter. - •■' ,.-- -i-U i>/ j 



Dr. Derham relates it as a common obfervation, 

 That vegetables fufFered more from the fun than from 

 the froft, in that the fun-fliine, melnng the fnow, 

 and opening the ground, left it m.ore expofed to the 

 rigour of the enfuing night. It was likewile obferyedi 

 at a meeting of the Royal Society, That the calamines 

 which befel trees, arofe not purely from their being 

 frozen, but principally from the winds lliaking and 

 rocking them when they are frozen, which rent and 

 parted their fibres. Philof Tranfad. N' 324.^ •- •^' 

 Hoar froft, or white froft, is the dew frozen, or 

 congealed early in cold mornings, chiefly in autumn. 



. This (as Mr. Regis obferves) is an aflrmblage of little 

 parcels of ice or crjftals, v/hich are of various figures 



J . 



., By froft metals contradt, or are fliortened. Monf according to the difpofition of the vapours which meet 



;. Auzout found by an experiment, that an iron tube 



^twelve feet long, upon being expofed to the air in a 



"^■frofty night, loft two lines of its length •, but this may 



' be fuppofed to be wholly the effecb of cold. 



On the contrary, froft does not contraft fluids,' but, 



on the other hand, fwells or dilates them near one 



tenth of their bulk. 



+ ^ 



Mr> Boyle gives us feveral experiments of vefl^eh made 

 of metals exceeding thick and ftrong, which being 



and are condenfcd by cold. 



Dew is, td all appearance, the miatter of hoar froft, 



though many of the Cartefians fuppofe it to be formed 



of a cloud, and either congealed in the cloud, and io 



let fall, or ready to be congealed as foon as it arrives 



at the earth. ■ 



In the year 1 72 8-9, there v/as a remakable froft, whicn 



continued for fome months, and deftroyed a gi'^^^ 



number of trees and plants in feveral parts of Europe, 



