R U 



the hvincr fort were entirely killed. The Rofeinary, 

 L:v.fnder, Srcechas, Sage,' and many other aromatic 

 planes, were in many places quite deilroyed, fo that 

 n was two or three years before the markets could be 

 funplied with thefe ; and in general the efculent plants 

 in^he kitchen-gardens were killed, ib that for Ibme 

 months the markets were not fupplied with any 

 cuanticy of garden fluff. The tiower-gardcns alio 

 were rrreat fulTerers by this winter ^ for as the feafons 

 for fonie years before had been very temperate, few 

 perfons had made any provifion for a hard winter; and 

 the cold fetting in fo very intenfe at the beginning. 





vided with covering. 



people 



The Wheat in many parts of England, but efpeciaily 



in the open common fields, was very much hurt, 

 particularly on the top of the ridges, where, in fe- 

 vera] places there were broad naked fpaces on tlie 

 middle of the ridges, which in the fpring appeared 



like fo many foot-paths. And as the fpring following 

 was very dry, and the wind continuing to blow from 

 the north and eaft; thefe piercing winds entered the 

 ground, which had been loofened by the froft, and 

 dried up the tender roots of the Corn, to the great 

 .. prejudice of it ; but fome of the more expert farmers, 

 who rolled their Wheat after the froft was oyer, were 

 well repaid by the great crops which their land pro- 

 duced them. * ■ •' ' 

 Were I to enter into all the particulars of the damages 



. fuftained by this fevere froft in the gardens and fields, 



it would fwell this work beyond the limits intended; 



fo I hope, on the other hand, I fhall not be con- 



x demned for having inferted thus much, fince, by the 



' -. mention of thefe things, perfons may be inftru6ted 



how to fave many of their valuable plants in future _ 



■ Winters, as alfo what forts are more liable to danger 



■^« from frofts than others. - ■ 



f R U C T I F E R O U S [frudifer, LaL] fruit-bearing, 



•vi fruitful, 



FRUCTUS. See Fruit. 



F 



tiie juice of the parenchyma, and conveys it thus pre- 

 pared to the kernel. 



Of the fibres, authors generally reckon fifteen 

 branches, of which ten penetrate the parenchyma, 

 and incline to the bafis of the flower; the other five 

 aicend more particularly from tlie pedicle or ftalk, 

 and meet with the former at the bafe of the fiower, 

 to which branches the capfulce, or coats of tlie ker- 

 nels are faltened. 



Thefe branches being firft extended through the pa- 

 renchyma to the flower, furnifl:i the necefl^\ry matter 

 for the vegetation of it; but as the fruit increafes, it 

 intercepts the aliment, and thus the flower is ftarved, 

 and falls off; 



In a Pear there are five parts to be diftinguifl:ied, viz. 

 the fkin, parenchyma, ramification, kernel, and acc- 

 tarium. 



The three firft parts are common to the Apple. The 

 kernel, obferved chiefly in Choke Pears, or Breaking 

 Pears, is a congeries of ftrong corpufcles, that are 

 difperfed throughout the whole parenchyma, but in 

 the greateft plenty, and clofeft together about the 

 center, or acetarium -, it is formed of the ftony or 

 calculous part of the nutritious juice. 

 The acetarium is a fubftance of a tart acid tafte, of a 

 globular figure, inclofed in an afl^emblage of feveral 

 of the ftony parts before-mentioned. 

 In a Plumb, Cherry, &c. there are four parts, viz. 

 - k coat, parenchyma, ramification, and nucleus, or 



•'ftone. The ftone confifts of two very different part 

 the external or harder part, called the ftone, or fliell, 

 is a concretion of the ftony, or calculous parts of the 

 nutritious juice, like the kernel in Pears, within it. 

 The inner, called the kernel, is foft^ tender, and 

 light, being derived from the pith, or medulla of 

 the tree by feminal branches, which penetrate the 

 bafe of the kernel. 



■ The nut, or acorn, confifts of a fhell, cortex, and 

 medulla j the fhell confifts of a coat and parenchyma, 

 derived from the bark and wood of a tree. 

 FRUIT is the produftion of a tree or plant, for the } The cortex confifts of an inner and outer part, the 



firft is a duplicature of the inner tunic of the ihell ; 





propagation or multiplication oi its kind ; m which 

 fenfe fruit includes all kinds of feeds, with their fur- 

 niture, &c. botanifts ufe it to fignify properly, that 



the fecond is a mofiy fubftance, derived from the fame 

 fource as the parenchyma of the ftiell. But authors 



^ ■ 



-part of a plant wherein the feed is contained, which I are not agreed, whether the medulla, or pulp of the 



the Latins call Fruftus, and the Greeks Kx^yrog. 



•The fruit of fome plants are produced fingly, as are I cortical part thereof. 



kernd does arife from the pith of the tree, or the 



their flowers, and fometimes they are produced in 

 <iufters, as in moft fruit-trees, which are alfo flefhy, 



- but in many plants they are dry. 

 Tlie word fruit is alfo ufed to fignify an afl"emblage 

 of feeds in a plant ; as in a Pea, Bean, Ranunculus, 

 &c. and in its general fignification, for all kinds of 

 grain, whether naked, or inclofed in cover, capfula, 

 or pod, whether bony, flefliy, Tkinny, membranous, 



■ or the like. 





Lf. ^ . :^ 



.,-, A > 



Fruit is the^produft or refult 

 for whofe production, nutrition 

 tended. -'- 







• - 



•%V 



The ftru£lure and partsof different fruits are different 

 in fome things, but in all the fpecies the efl^ential 

 partsof the fruit appear to be only continuations or 



cxpanfions of thofe which are feen in the other parts of 



■ the tree. : ■^;5 ' ■ . : .■ .^ / . .--^- -. 



Dr. Beale fuggefts fome very good reafons for a di- 

 * Keft communication between the remoteft parts of the 



■ tree and the fruity fo tKat tfie fame fibres which con- 

 ftitute the root, trunk, and boughs, are extended into 

 th6 very fruit. . ' 



Thus, if you cut open an Apple tfanfverfly, you will 

 find it to confift chiefly of four parts, viz. ift, a fkin, 

 <ir cortex, which is only a produftion of the fkin or 

 outer bark of the tree. 2dly, A parenchyma or pulp, 

 which is an expanfion and intumefcence of th 

 bark of the tree. 3dly, The fibres, or ramifications 

 of the woody part of the tree. 4thly, The core, 

 . which is the produce of the pith, or medulla of the 

 pianr, indurated or ftrengthened by twigs of the 

 wood and fibres inofculated therewith. This ferves 

 to furnifh a cell, or lodge, for the kernels, filtrates 



Berries, as the Grape, &c. contain (befides three ge- 

 neral parts, viz. coat, parenchyma, and ramification) 

 grains of a ftony nature, to dp the offi(;:espf feeds. 

 Fruits in general are ferviceable in guarding, prefer- 



ving, 



■^e 



' coarfer more earthy, and ftfdrig parts of the nutritious 



' juice of the" plant, arid retaining it to themfelves, 



* fending none but the moft pure, elaborated, and fpi- 



■ rituous parts to the feed, for the fupport and growth 



\of the tender delicate embryo or plantule, v/hich is 



-- therein contamed. ' ^n -^-^ ^■ -a^ ?: - '^=?^i' -h. '^^ ^ * 



FRUMENTACE O U S [Frumentaceous- ; Lat.] 



a term applied by botanifts to all fuch plants as have 



aconformity with Wheat (called in L^//;2Frum"entum,) 



' in refpeft either of their fruits, leaves, ears, or the 



like. 



• - 



»/ - 



e inner 



FRUMENTUM INDICUM. See Zea. 



FRUTEX, a ftirub; a vegetable of a genus be- 

 ^' tween a tree and an herb, but of a woody fubftance. 

 It is pretty difficult to determine wherein moft of the 

 '■ writers on gardening' and agriculture' have niade the 

 diftinftion between trees and ftirubs, of HVhere to fix 

 the difference or boundary, between the trees and 

 ftirubs, to fay where one ends, and the other begins, 

 for that cannot be determined by their growth ; there- 

 fore the beft definition which can be made of a fhrub, 

 to diftinguifti it from a tree, is its fending forth many 

 ftems from the roots, whereas the tree^ have a fingle 



trunk or body. 

 FRUTEX PAVONIUS. See Poinciana. 



FRUTICOSE [Fruticofus,- Z^/. fhrubby,] are 



thofe plants which are of a hard woody fubftance, and 



do not rife to the height of trees. 



, -' - 



i ^ 



* i 



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FUCHSIA. 



> 



!-l 



' - 





- *■ 



