G R A 



^•cU •, but thefe muft be grafted by appl'oach, for tlicy 

 "abound with a great quantity of rcfin which is apt to 

 evaporate from the graft, if feparated from the tree 

 before it is joined with the flock, whereby they are 

 often deftroyed; as alfo the Laurel on the Cherry, or 

 the Cherry on the Laurel. All the maft-bcaring trees 

 will alfo take upon each other, and thufe which have 

 a tender foft, wood will do well if grafted in the com- 

 j-non way •, but thofe that are of a more firm contex- 

 ture, and are flow growers, fhould be grafted by ap- 

 proach. 



■ By ftridtly obferving this rule, we fliall feldom mif- 

 carrjs provided the operation be rightly performed, 

 and at a proper feafon, unlefs the weather lliould prove 



: verv bad, as it fometimes happens, v/hereby whole 

 quiirters of truit-trees mifcarry ; and it is by this me- 

 thod that many kinds of exotic trees are not only 

 prcpagated, but alfo rendered hardy enough to en- 

 dure the cold of our climate in the open air ■, for, 

 being graited upon llocks of the fam^c fort which are 

 hardy, the grafts are rendered more capable to endure 

 the cold, as hath been experienced by mofl: of our 

 valuable fruiis now in England, v/hichwere formerly 

 tranfplanted here from more foutlierly climates, and 

 were at firft too impatient of our cold to fucceed 

 wxll abroad; but have been, by budding or grafting 

 upon more hardy trees, rendered capable of refilling 



our feverefc cold. 



And thefe different graftings feem to have been greatly 



■ ; in ufe among the ancients, though they were certainly 



:. miftaken in the fcveral forts of fruits which they 



• mention to have fucceeded upon each other ; as the 



, Fig upon the Mulberry, the Plumb upon the Cheft- 



nut, with many others of the like kind ; mofl: of which 



I have already tried, and find they will not fucceed ^ 



therefore what has been advanced on this head by the 



' ancients, is not founded on experience ; or at leafl: 



thev did not mean the fame plants, which ^t prefent 



■ are called by thofe naniesj though I cannot help 

 ■: thinking we are apt to pay too much deference to the 



Tvritings of the ancients, in .fuppofirig tliem feldom to 



'Jbe niiftiiken, or to aflert a falfliood j whereas, if their 

 j; \yorks.are carefully examined, it will be found, that 

 'tliey have often copied from each other's writings, 

 ;.' without making experiments to prove the truth of 

 . .their afiertions : and it is well known, that the rane;ino- 

 i. of plants before Ciefalpinus's time (v/hich is about 

 ; 170 years fince) was, by their outward appearance, 

 . ror from the fuppofed virtues of them, which me- 

 thod is now juftly exploded ; and it hath been ob- 

 ferved, from many repeated trials, that however 

 plants may reiemble each other in the fliape, and make 

 of their leaves, manner of [hooting, &:c. unlefs they 

 ; agree in their fruit, and their other diftinftive cha- 

 ;, rafters, they will not grow upon each other, though 

 r ' performed with ever fo much art. 

 GRAMEN. Tourn.Inft.R. H. 516. tab. 297. Raii 

 . Meth. Plant. 171. Grafs; in French, Chicn-dcnt, 



To enumerate all the fpecies of Grafs which are found 

 . growing naturally in England, would fwell this arti- 

 cle greatly beyond the defign of the work •, therefore 

 ;' I fliall only take notice of a few fpecies, which are'ei- 

 ther ufed in medicine, or cultivated for fodder ; for 

 there is fcarce a pafliure in this country, where at 

 ,leaft twenty different fpecies are not to be found in- 

 .• termixed, and in moll of them more than twice that 

 ^:jnumber. Thefe were, by the former' writers on bo- 

 _tany, all included under the common denomination of 

 - .Gramen, but were divided into different feftions. 

 :.Mr. Ray 'has ranged them ^n the following order, 

 ^ Gramen Triticum, i. e. Wheat-grafs. Gramen Seca- 

 j'Jinum, i. e. Rye-grafs. Gramen Loliaceum, i. e. Dar- 

 ■ -nel-grafs. Gram.en Paniceum, i. e. Panic-grafs. Gra- 

 s..inen Phalaroides, i. e. Canary-grafs. Gramen Alope- 

 V-Curoides, i. e. Fox-tail-grafs, Gramen Typhinum, 

 i.e. Cat's-tail-grafs. Gramen Echinatum, i. e. I ledge- 



- .K i 



hog-grafs. 



Gtamcn Criftatum, i. 



e. Creflcd-grafs. 



Gramen Avenacium, i.e. Oat-2:rafs. Gramen Dac- 



tylon, 



I. c. 



CockVfoot-grafs. 



Gramen Arundina- 



ceum, L e. Reed-grak Gramen Milleacem, i. c. 



Mlllet-grafs. 



4 



A 



And under each of thtfc fcclibns th'bi 

 are many fpecies. And there are m.any others, wliich" 

 by older writers, were included under tliis o-tneral 

 title, fome of which have no relation to thisclafs- 

 but there are others which are near nearly allial to ir' 

 as the Cyperus and Cyprefs Grades, &c. 1 hefc Dr* 

 LinnjEus has divided into genera ; but by this method 

 of clafTmg them, he has feparated then-i to a great 

 difl:ance from each other \ for all thofc whofe flowers 

 have three ftamina, are ranged in his third clafs -, and 

 others which have male and female flowers, are re- 

 moved to his twenty-firfc clafs. However, it would 

 : have been much better to have kept them too-ether as 

 Dr. Van Roycn has done in the Prodromus of th 

 Leyden garden, under one general title to th 

 of Graminea. ■ . 



As the feveral genera under v/hich the ditTerent fpe- 

 cies of Grafs are ranged, have diftercnt charaiflers bv 

 which they are diflinguiihed, fo it would be to little 

 purpofe t6 give them all in this work ; and as there 

 are no general charafteriftics by which the whole clah 

 can be known, fo I flaall not trouble the reader with 

 any of them here, but proceed to enum.erate a few of 

 the fpecies. 

 I. GraiMen fpica triticea repens vulgare, caninum 

 did:um. Raii Syn. 2. p. 247. Common creeping Grcfs 

 with a fpike like JVheat^^ called Dog-gr/rjs, Triti- 

 cum calycibus fublatis trifloris acumin.itis. Lin. So. 

 Plant. tVheat 'with an awl-Jhapcd pmnted empalemcnt 



JlowerSy commonly called Conchy Cotich-grafsy 





r> 



clafs 



. or ^dck'grafs 

 2. Gramen loliaceum, 

 B. P. Darn 



t. 



■*.. < 



* c 



3 



4 



angudiore folio & fpica. C. 



tfsy with a narrow^r leaf and fpike. 



Lolium fpica mutica. Lin. Sp. Plant. 85. D.:r::elwiib 



a chaffy fpike, commonly called Ray^ or Ryd-grafs. ■ ,m 



. Gramen pratenfe, paniculatum majus anguflicjre 



folio. C. B. P. 2. Meadow-grafs jivith larger panicles mid 



a narrower leaf .. Poa panicula diffusa, fpiculis ana- 



: drifloris pubefcentibus, culmo credo tereti. Plor, 



Suec. 77. Poa with a diffufed panicky the fnaller fpihs 



having four hairy fowers^ and a taper eretl flraw, . ■ 



, Gramen pratenfe, paniculatum majus, latiore folio. 



C. B. P. 2. Meadow-grafs with a larger panicle arJ 



leaf Poa panicuia diffufa fpiculis trifloris o-k- 



/ 



6. 



Poa zvith a 



5 



bris, culmo eredo tereti, Plor. Suec. 

 diffufed panicle, fmalljpikes with threefi 

 right fir^w, \ - ; . .:- - . ■ r . 



Gramen avenacium pratenfe clatius panicula flave- 

 fcente, locuflis parvis. Raii Syn. '407. Taller Mea- 



iflj panicle and f nail hufk 



V 



graf 



w. 



A vena panicula Jaxa, calycibus trifloris brevibus. 



locfe panicle y three fu 



./; 



floor t^ and all the flowers having awns: 



(_ 



7 



6. Gramen fecalinum. Ger. Emac. lib. i. cap. 22. n. 4.' 

 Tall Meadow Rye grafs. . ■ /-■>■' 



Gramen tremulum maximum. C. B. P. 2. Great-efi 

 ^aking-grafsy or Cowquahs, Briza fpiculis cordatis, 

 fiofculis feptcndecim. Hort'. Cliff. 23. Briza wilb 

 heart'floaped little f pikes ^ and feventeen flowers in each. 

 The lirft fort of Grafs is that which is direded to be 

 ufed in medicine ; the roots of this are chiefly ufed, 

 and are accounted aperitive and diuretic, opening ob- 

 ftruftions of the reins and bladder, provoking urine 





and are of fervice againft the gravel and ftone. 



The 



> ' 



juice of the* leaves and ftalks was greatly efleemed by • 

 Dr. Boerhaave, who generally prefcribed this in all 

 oafes where he fuppofed there were any obfiruclions 

 in the bile conduit. . ' . • . ■ 



This hath a creeping root, which fpreads far in tjie 

 ground, and is a very troublefome weed in gardens 

 and arable land v for every fmall piece of the root 

 will grow and multiply exceedingly, fo it is very dii- 

 licult to extirpate where it once gets pofleirion* '"^ 



y- 



in 

 to 



'. .». 



gardens, the common method of deftroying it is, t 

 fork out the roots as often as the blades appear abov 

 ground \ where this is two or three tinies carefuily 

 repeated, it may be totally rooted out j but when the 

 furfaceof the ground is very full of the rocts ct tf.is 

 Grafs, the fliortell v/ay gf deftroying it, is to trench 



. . the 



f 



.1 ' 



