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to be drawn ofF very young *, becaufe the Parfneps ge- 

 nerally fpread mod towards the latter end of the fum- 

 mer, which is after the Carrots are gone, fo that there 

 may be a double crop upon the fame ground. 

 "When the plants arc come up, you fhould hoe them 

 out, leaving them about ten inches or a foot afunder ; 

 cbferving at the fame time to cut up all the weeds, 

 Avhich, it permitted to grow, would foon overbear the 

 plants and choke them. This mull be repeated three 

 or four times in the fpring, according as you find the 

 weeds grow ; but in the latter part of fummer, wlien 

 the plants are fo ftrong as to cover the ground, they 

 will prevent the growth of weeds, fo that after that 

 . fcafon they will require no farther care. 

 When the leaves begin to decay, the roots may be 

 dug up for ufc, before which time they are feldom 

 well tafted j nor are they good for much in the 

 ipring, after they are fiiot out again ; fo that thofe 

 v/ho would preferve thefe roots for fpring ufe, fhould 

 dig them up in the beginning of February, and bury 

 them in fand, in a dry place, where they will remain 

 good until the middle of April, or later. . '.;;./;■ 

 If you intend to fave the feeds of this plant, you 

 Ihould make choice of fome of the lonffeft, ftraiteft, 

 andlargeft roots, which fhould be planted about two 

 feet afunder, in fome place where they may be de- 

 fended from the ftrong fouth and weft winds ; for the 

 ftems of thefe plants commonly grow to a great height, 

 and are very fubjeft to be broken by flrong winds, if 

 expofed thereto ; they fhould beconflantly kept clear 

 from weeds, and if the feafon fhould prove very dry, 

 if you give them fome water twice a week, it will 

 caufe them to produce a' greater quantity of feeds, 

 •which wiU be much flronger than if they* were wholly 

 ': ^ncgleded.; Toward the latter end of Auguft or the 

 !y, ^beginning o? September, the feeds will be ripe; at 

 ^ 'which time you fhould carefully cut off the umbels, 

 . - and fpread them upon a coarfe cloth for two or three 

 - days to dr}' \ after which, the feeds fhould be beaten 

 r, off, and put up for ufe ; but you mufl never trufl to 



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thefe feeds after they are a year old, for they will fel- 

 dom grow beyond that age. 



. The leaves of the Garden Parfnep are dangerous to 

 Kandle, elpecially in a morning, while the dew re- 



,.. mains upon them ; at which time, if they are handled 



^. by^ perfons who have a foft fkin, it will raife it in blif- 

 ters. 1 fiave known fome gardeners, when they have 



:;3eeh drawing up Carrots from among Parfneps in a 



when their leaves were wet with dew, they 



morning, 



-> 



**■■ 



have drawn the fleeves of their fhirts up to their fhpul- 

 ders, to prevent their being wet; by doing of which 

 they have had their arms, fo far as they were bare, co- 

 vered over with laree blilters vand thefe were jull of 

 a fcalding liquor, which has proved very troublefome 

 for feveral days. 









f- » ■■ 



.^ The third fort rifes with a gfe^ii roUgh flalk feve"h"or 

 ^ eight feet high, garnifhed with large, decompounded, 

 ..^ winged leaves, which are very rough to the touch, 

 ^^ and of a dark green colour ; me' juice is very yellow, 

 . , which flows out where either the leaf or flalk is bro- 

 -T. *^5S > ^^^ ftalk? are divided ^vip ward into many hori- 

 zontal branches, each being terminated by a large um- 

 bel of yellow flowers. Thefe appear in Jvily, and are 

 fucceeded by plain feeds which are bordered, ^ and a 

 little convex in the middle, which ripen in the au- 

 tumn. The Opapanax of the fliops is thouehtto be 

 r^ the concrete juice of this plant., ^ -'^v= 



J^ASTURE. , ,. V^ , 



V, Pafture sround is of two forts : the one is low mea- 





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Vv'hich is often overflowed, and the other 



The firff of 



,- dowTand 

 is upland, which lies high and dry. 

 thefe will produce a much greater quantity of hay than 

 . tKe latter, and y/ill not require manuring ordrefilng 

 ' lb often 5 but then the hay produced on the upland is 

 much preferable to the other, as is alfo the meat 

 which is fed in the upland more valued than that 

 which is fatted in rich meadows ; though the latter 

 vn\\ niake the fatter and larger cattle, as is fcen by thofe 

 which arc brought from the low rich lands in Lincoln- 

 Ihire, But where people are nice in their meat, they 



PA S 



.will give a much larger price for fuch as hatli been 

 fed on the downs, or in fhort upland Paflure, than 

 for the other, which is much larger. Befides this, dry 

 Paftures have an advantage over the meadows, that 

 they may be fed all the winter, and are not fo fubjeft 

 to poach in wet weather ; nor will there be fo many 

 bad weeds produced, which are great advantages, 

 and do, in a great 'meafu re, recompenfe for the fmall- 

 nefs of the crop. 



I have already mentioned the advantages of meadow 

 land, or fuch as is capable of being overflowed with 

 water, and given diredtions for draining and improv- 

 ing low Paflure land, under the article of Land-, there- 

 fore fhall not repeat what is there faid, but I fhall 

 jufl mention fome method for improving of upland 

 Pafture. , • 



.. The firfl improvement of upland Pafhife is, hf 

 fencing it, and dividing it into fmall fields of four, 

 five, fix, eight, or ten acres each, planting timber 

 trees in the hedge rows, which will fcreen the Grafs 

 from the drying pinching winds of March, which pre- 

 vents the Grafs from growing in large open lands j {6 



. that if April proves a cold dry month, the land pro- 

 duces very little hay ; whereas in the fheltered fields 



\the Grafs will begin to grow early in March, and will 

 fobn after cover the ground, and prevent the fun from 



i, parching the roots of the Grafs, whereby it will keep 



, grov/ing, fo as tp afford a tolerable crop, if the fpring 



fliould prove dry.- But in fencing of land, it mufl be 



obferved (as was before direfted) not to make the in- 



:: clofujes too fmall, efpecially where the hedge rows 



are planted with trees ; becaufe when the trees are ad- 



' vanced to a confiderable height,' they will fpread over 



• the land; and, where they are clofe, will render the 

 Grafs four ; fo that inflead of being; an advantage, it 



. will greatly injure the Pafture. ." 



r.The next improvement oT' upland Pafliii^es is, to 

 make the turf goodi where, either from the badnefs 

 of the foil, or want of proper care, the Grafs hath 

 been deflroyed by Rufhes, bufhes, or mole-hills. 

 Where the furface of the land isclayey and cold, it 

 may be improved by paring it off, and burning it in 

 the manner before direftcd under the article of Land •> 

 but if it is a hot fandy land, then chalk, lime, marie, 



^or clay, are very proper manures to lay upon it ; but 



: this fhould be laid in pretty good quantities, other- 

 wife it will be of little fervice to the land. 



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\ If the ground is over-run with bufhes or Rufhes, it 



, will be of g-reat advantage to the land, to grub them 



up toward the latter part of the fummer, and aftef 



they are dried to burn them, and fpread the afhes over 



:^stKe ground juft before the autumnal rains ; at which 



time the furface of the land fhould be levelled, and 



^-fown with Grafs-feed, which, if done early in the au- 



rtumn, will come up in a fhort time, and make good 



-Grafs the following fpring. So alfo,' where the land 



is full of mole-hills, thefe fhould be pared off, and 



reither burnt for the afhes, or fpread immediately on 



the ground, when thdy arfi p'Ifed off, obfervJng to 



fow the bare patches with Grafstfeed, jufl as the au- 



n. I 



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tumnal rains begin. 



ii^There are fome Pafture lands which are full of ant- 



f hills, which are not only* difagreeable to the fight, but 



i^= where they are in any quantity, the Grafs cannot be 



mowed ; therefore the turf which grows over them 



fhould be divided witK an inftrument intb 



^• 



f Y -•- 



parts, 



. .Slid pared ofFeacK'way -^ ttfen the middle or core of the 

 , hills fhould be dug out and fpread over the ground, 

 1^ leaving the holes open all the winter to deflroy the 

 7:.ants, and in the fpring the turf maybe laid down 

 < ■ again, ahd after the roots of the Grafs are fettled again 

 :v; in die ground, it fhould be rolled to fettle the fur- 

 . r face, and make it even. If this is properly managed, 



it will be a great improvement to liich land. 

 - Where the land has been thus -managed, it will be 

 ' of great fervice to roll the turf in the months ofFe-^ 

 bruary and March, with a heavy wood roller, always 

 obferving to do it in moift weather, that the roll may; 

 make an imprefTion: this will render the furface..le- 

 vcl, and make it much eafier to mow the Grafs, than 

 ; .. :v=^r when- 



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