A 



\vherein air is commonly received and expelkd, i. e. 

 infpircd and expired ; within which tradicic he fhews 

 all the former krics of vcffels areconrained. 

 Hence it follows, that the heat of a year, nay, of a 

 day, of a fingle hour or minute, muil have an ericft 

 on the air included in thefe tracheae, i. e. muit rarefy 

 it, and confequently dilate the trachece, whence arifcs' 

 a perpetual fpring or fource of aftion to promote the 



circulation in plants. 

 PLANTAGO. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 126. tab. 48. 

 Lin. Gen. Plant. 133. Plantain. To this genus Dr. 

 Lmnius Has joined the Coronopus and Pfyllium of 

 Tournefort. The firft of thefe is called Hart's-horn, 

 - the latter Fleawort,' Of thefe there are feveral diftinft 

 fpccies, and fome varieties; but as they We rarely 

 cultivated in gardens, I fliall not enumerate them 

 all here, and fliall only mention fuch of them as grow 

 naturally in England. Of the Plantain there are the 

 following forts ; the common broad-leaved Plantain, 

 called Waybreadj the great hoary Plantain or 

 Lamb's-tono;ue ; the narrow-leaved Plantain or Rib- 

 have alfo been 



wort; 



and the following' varieties 



found in England, which are accidental ; the Befom 

 Plantain, and Rofe Plantain. The Plantains grow 

 naturally in pafhures in mod parts of England, and are 

 frequently very troublefome weeds. The common 

 Plantam and Ribwort Plantain are both ufed in medi- 

 cine, and are fo well known as to need no defcription. 

 Of the Coronpus or Buck's-horn Plantain there are 

 two varieties growingjn England, viz. the common 

 Buck's-horn, which grows plentifully on heaths eyery 

 \ where, and the narrow-leaved' Welfh fort which is 

 found upon many of the Welfh mountains. The firft 

 of thefe was formerly cultivated as a fallad herb in 

 gardens, but has been long banifhed from thence for 

 its rank difagreeable flavour ; it is fometimes ufed in 



■ medicine. There has been one fpecies of Pfyllium^or 

 Flcawort found growing naturally in England, which 



■ is tlie fort uled m medicine, whicli Vas in the earth 





P L A 



is planted, will grow mouldy and decay, and thereby 



greatly injure the new fibres wiiicli are produced, lo 

 that many times the trees mifcarry for want of du!v 

 obferving this. After the fibres are cut off, all the 

 bruifed or broken roots fhould be cut fmooth, other- 

 wife they are apt to rot and dillemper the trees ; and 

 all irregular roots which crofs each other, and the 

 downright roots, (efpccially in fruit-trees) mull be 

 cut ofi; fo that when the roots are recrularly 

 pruned, tiiey may in fome meafure refembie the 

 fingers of a hand when fpread open ; then th 

 larger roots fhould be fhortened in proportion ro the 

 a^e and flrength of the tree, as alfo the particular forts 

 of trees are to be confidered ; for the Walnut, Mul- 

 berry, and fome other tender-rooted kinds fhould not 

 be pruned fo clofe, as the more hardy forts of fruit or 

 foreft-trees, which in young fruit-trees, fuch as Pears, 

 Apples, Plums, Peaches, &c. that are one year old 

 from budding or grafting, may be left about eightor 

 nine inches long; but in older trees they muft be left 

 of a much greater length; but this is to be under- 

 flood of the larger roots only, for the frhall ones muft 



treme 



« ' 



be quite cut out, or pruned very fhort. Their ex- 

 parts, which are generally very wea-k, com- 

 monly decay after moving, fo that it is the better 

 way entirely to difplace them. 



The next thing is the pruning of their heads, which 

 mull be differently performed in different trees, for 

 the defign of the trees mufl alfo be confidered ; if they 

 are fruit-trees, and intended for walls or efpalicrs, it 

 is the better way to plant them with the greateft part 

 of their heads, which Ihouldrem^ain on until the fprine, 

 juft before the trees begin to fhoot, when they mult 

 be cut down to five or fix eyes (as is fully inferted 

 in the feveral articles of the various kinds of fruit) be- 

 ing vcty careful, in doing of this, not to diflurb the 

 new roots. 



C - 



* «- - * ' 



V But ifjhe trees are defigned for flandards, you fhould 

 prune ofTtKe Imall branches clofe to the places where 

 . they are produced ; as alfo irregular branches which 

 cfols each other, arid by their motion, wfiena gitated 

 by the wind, rub and bruifc their bark, fb as to occa- 

 ' fion many tjmes great wounds in thole places ; befides, 

 it makes a difagreeable appearance to the fight, and 

 adds to the clofenefs of its head, which fhould al- 

 ■r ways be avoided in fruit-trees, whofe branches fhould 

 ." There are 'feveral varieties *"6r all thefe three lorts, f be preferved as far diflant from each other, as they 

 which are fometimes preferved in botanic gardens, f are ufually produced when in a regular way of growth, 

 . but having no beauty, they are not admitted into any (which is in all forts of trees proportionable to the 



thrown ouFof the bottom oF the canals which were 

 ' dug for ^tHe Chelfea water-wot-ks, where it grew in 

 ' "great pletlty.^'^- The feeds of this mufl have been bu- 

 _, ried thefe foaie ages, for no perfon remembers any of 

 7 the plants erowing in that neighbourhood before. 

 ^- /The' feeds of this are fometimes uled, which are im- 



ported from the South of France. 





1 other, (o I fhall pafs them over here, as belnp; wxeds 



wherever they are permitted to feed. 

 tLANTAIN-TREE. See Musa. 

 PLANTING, Although the method of Planting 

 ^- .the^yaribus forts of trees is fully fct down under their 

 I feyeral articles, where each kind is mentioned, yet it 

 *^ may not be amifs to fay fomething in general upon 

 ..; Aat head in this pTace, v/hich fhall be treated as briefly 



_ as poffible.^"-And,^.- V ::>jf:^ t^^"^^-^'^'' "^--J^K -4:^ 

 Firfl, the firif thing in Planting of trees is to prepare 



^ the gi-ound (according to the differfent forts of trees in- 



'l,t'enc!ed to be planted) before the trees are takeii but 



!.' of the earth ; for you fhould fuffer them to remain as 



J little time out of the grpund as pofuble. 



C:^in takincr up the trees you fliould carefully dig away 



the eartk round their roots, fo as to come at their fe- 



fize of their leaves, and magnitude of their fruit) for 

 when their heads are very thick, which is often oc- 

 cafioned by the unfldlful fhortening of their branches, 

 the fun and air cannot freely pafs between the leaves, 

 fo that the fruit mufl be fmall and ill-tafl:ed. ' But'ta 



' r 





1 1 . % 



parts to cut th'erii off ; for if they are torn put 



^i of the griuri^vithout caf^^fhe roots will be bro'ken 



J^'krid bruifed ydy much to ^ the great injury of the 



II trees. -^iWhen they are taken up, the next thing is to 



^ prepare them for Plantmg--, in doing of which there 



^; are two thing-s to be principally rep;ar3ed : the one is 



v* to prepare the roots, and the other to prune their 



^^ Beads, m fuch a manner as may be mofl ferviceable 



in proitibting the future growth of the trees. -.^ ' 



And firft ks to the roots ; all the fmall fibres arc to 



• be cut off as near to the place from whence they are 



roduccd as may be (excepting fuch trees as are to 



e rcpTantea Jmmcdiately after they are taken up -,) 



return: after having difplaced thefe branches, you 

 fhould alfo cut ofi^all fuch parts of branches, as have 

 by accident been broken or wounded": for thefe will 

 remain a difag-reeable fieht, and often occafion a dif- 

 eafe in the tree. But you fhould by no means cut ofr 



■ the main leading fhoots, as is by too many praflifed, 

 . for thofe " are necefrary"'to' attract thd fap from the 

 .root, and thereby promote the growth ofthe^.^reei 

 ,.for from feveral experiments whichj^piade in the win- 



.r ter 17,29, by cutting off the branches of feveral forts 

 ,.of_ trees, and putting them into phials filled with wa-^ 



* ..ter, whofe tops were clofely covered to prevent the 

 j . * evaporating of the water, I found, that thofe fhoots, 



• , whofe leading "buds were preferved, 'did attrad.the 



moiflure in m.uch greater quantities, than thofe fhppts 

 ' whofe tops ;were_cut^,off j:and^from feveral experi- 

 ments made by the Rev. Dn "Hales, we find that 

 - great quantities of moifture are imbibed at wounds, 

 : . where branches are cut off; fo that by thus fhortening 

 ;thebranches,thewet.whichgenerallyfa)lsingreatplenty 



during the winter feafon, is plentifully imbibed, and for 



" wantbfleavestopcrfpireitoff, mixes v^ith the fap of 



trees,' arfd thereby diflending the vefTels, deflroys their 



contrafting force, which many times kills the tree, or 



■ at leafl weakens it fo much as not to be recovered again 



'■for fome years, as I have feveral times cbferved. , : . 



'"...-- ,- - - , ' -■ But 



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