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the plants to fupport their Ihoots would be much too 

 great to be pradiled in general j therefore the other 

 method of turning the haulm over from one interval 

 to the other will be found of great ufe, for hereby it 

 is kept from decaying, and by fp doing the fun is al- 

 ternately admitted to each fide of the roots, which is 

 of more confequence to the growth of the Madder 

 than mort people conceive ; and from many repeated 

 trials I have found, that where the haulm has decayed 

 or rotted in fummer, it has greatly retarded the' 

 growth of the roots. There have been fome igno- 

 rant pretenders who have advifed the cutting off the 

 haulm inifummer, in order to ftrengthen the roots- 

 but whoever pradtifes this, will find to their coft the 

 abfurdity of this method -, for I have fully tried this 

 many years ago, and have always found that every 

 other root, upon which this was pradifed, was at lead 

 a third pare fmaller than the intermediate roots, whofe ■ 

 haulm was Icf: entire. The firft occafioh of my makino- 

 this experiment was, becaufe the plants had been fc^t 

 too near each other, and the feafon proving moid had 

 increafed the number and ftrength of the fhoots, fo 

 that they were fo thick, as that many of them began 

 to rot ; to prevent which, I cut off the fhoots of every 

 other plant to give room for fpreading the others 

 thinner, but foon after this was done, the plants pro- 

 duced a greater number of ihoots than before, but 

 they were weaker, and the effefl it had upon the roots 

 was as before related ; fince which time I have fre- 

 quently repeated the experiment on a few roots, and 

 have always found the efiift the fame. ■ ^ '' ^ , 



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in autumn, the roots may be taken up for ufe, be- 

 caufe then the roots have done growing for that fea- 

 fon, and will then be plumper ind lefs liable to fiirink 

 than if they are dug up at another feafon ; for I have 

 always found, that roots of every kind of plant, 

 which are taken out of the ground during the time of 

 their growing, are very apt to (hrink, and lofe rnore 

 than half their weight in a Ihort time 5 whereas, when 

 they are taken up foon after their leaves decay, ^ they 

 win not foon after Ihrink much. ■ " • ^ ,': r>' . 1 



When the feafon for digging up the Madder root is 

 come, it ftiould be done in the following manner, viz, 

 a deep trench fhould be dug out at one fide of the 

 ground next to the firft row of Madder to make a fuf- 

 ficient opening to receive the earth, which muft be 

 laid therein in digging up the row of roots, fo that 

 it fhould be at leafl two feet broad, and two fpits and 

 two fbovellings deep, and fhould be made as clofe as 

 poffible to the roots, being careful not to break or cut 

 the roots in doing it ; then the row of roots muft be 

 carefully dug up, turning the earth into the trench 

 before-mentioned. In the doing of this there fhould 

 . be to every perfon who digs, two or three perfons to 

 take out the roots, that none may be loft, an^ as 

 much of the earth fhould be fhaken out of the 

 roots as poffible; and after theoriqcipal roots are 

 taken up, there will be many of^^the long fibres re- 

 maining below; therefore. In "order to get the roots 

 as clean as poffible, the whole fpot of grouud fhould 

 be dug of the fame depth as the firfl trench, and the 

 pickers muft follow the diggers to get them all out to 

 the bottom. As the digging of the land to this 

 depth is necefTary, in order to take up the roots 

 vyith a^ litde lofs as poffible, it is a fine preparation 

 wany fucceeding crop; and I have always fqund 



ingistobe e^efted new, fuch as the tanners have fo/ 

 drymg their fkms will be as proper as any, ^{^ 

 have weather-boards from tSp \o botto^' at equS 

 diftances to keep out the driving rain, but the fpaces 

 between being open admit the air freely ; and f n 

 ftead of plank floors or ftages above each mhe|they 

 are laid with hurdles or balket-work, upon which the 

 roots are laid to dry the air will hayi freer paffiage 

 to the under fide ^uf die roots, which will dry tlie^ 

 ,more equally. . >., ,;. --^ ^ . / - 



.In this place they may remain four or five days, by 

 which time the earth which adhered to the roots will 

 be fo diy as to eafily rub off; which fhould be done 

 betore the roots are removed to the cold ftove, for 

 the flower the roots are dried, the lefs they'will 

 fhrink, and the better will be the colour of the Mad- 

 der; and the cleaner the roots are from iarth, the 

 better the commodity will be for ufe when prepared, 

 •^(^^.y h? roots have laid a fufficient time in this place, 

 they fljould be removed, into another building called 

 the old fl:ove, in which there ftiould be cohveniencies 

 of flues paffing through difi^ferent parts of the floor^ 

 and the fide-walls ; in this the roots fliould be laid 

 thin^upon the floors, and turned from time'to time 

 as they dry, taking thofe roots away, which are neareft 

 to the flues which convey the grcateft heat, placing 

 them in a cooler oart of the room, and removing 

 fuch of them as had been in th^t fituation to the 

 warmer, from whence the other are taken. The con- 

 ftant care in this particular will be of great fervice to 

 the quality of the.Madder i fpr^jvhen this is properly 

 condufbed^ the roots will be more equally dried, and 

 'the commodity,' when manufadtured, will be much 

 fairer and better for ufe. ^ -." ■'■ ; ■ V. '1;^':;^;^ ,} : ; 



When the outfide of the re.., ^.^^^ ^.w. xux..w..ulij 

 'dried in this cold ftove, they fliould be removed to 

 thethrefliing floor, which may" fee the fame as in a 

 common barn where Corn is threflied.-^ The floor 'of 

 this fliould be fwept, and macje as clqan as poffible ; 

 then the roots fhould Be' thVcftied'to beat off their 



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ifl^lPS oroutfide coverings ;'' this is tH6 part' which is 

 prepared feparately from the inner part of the root, 

 and is called mull, which is fold^ at a very low price, 

 being the worft fort of Madder^ fo cannot be ufed 



, where the permanency or beauty of the colours are re- 

 garded ; thefe huflcs are feparated from the roots, and 

 pounded by themfelves, which are afterward packed 

 upin/eparate caflcs, and fold bf the title of mulL If 

 this is well prepared, and not mixed with dirt, rt may 

 be fold for about fifteen fliillings per hundred weight, 



■at the price which Madder now bears ; and this, as 

 is fuppofed, will defray the wh^ole expence of drying 



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that the 



Madder 



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better crops of all kinds than land of equal gdodnefs, 

 vvhich had not the like culture. ' ' ' 



-filter the roots are taken up, the fooner they are ear- 

 ned to the place of drying, the finer will be their co- 

 lour ; for if they lie in heaps, they are apt to heat, 

 which will difcolour them ; or if rain fhould hap- 

 pen to wet them much, it will have the fame efi'eft, 

 therefore no more roots fhould be taken up than can 

 be carried under ftielter the fame day. ' /■ \: 

 ^he firft place, in which the roots fhould be laid to 

 ^n^j muft be open on the fides to admit the air, but 

 covered on the top to keep out the wet. If a build- 



the crop. 



-After the mull is feparated from the roots, they muft 

 be rei;noved to the warmer ftove, where they muft be 

 dried with care ; for if the hea.t js pp great, the roots 

 will dry too faft, whereby they will lofe much in 

 weight, and the colour of the Madder'will not be 

 ^,. near fo bright ; to avoid which, the roots fKould be 

 J frequently turned, while they remain in this ftove, 



and the fires muft be "properly regulate(J. ,'Tf; fome 

 trials are made by fixing a good thermometer In the 

 . room, the necefTary heat may be better afeer^ained' 

 . , than can be done any other way ; but this will require 

 . to be greater at fome times than at others, accordino- 

 as the roots are more or lefs fucctilerK, Or the wea- 

 ' ther more or lefs cold ©r damp; but it will always 

 be better to have the heat rather lefs than over hot; 

 for, though the roots may require a longer time to 

 dry with a flow heat, yet the colour will be better. 

 When the roots are properly dried in this ftove, they 

 rnuft be carried to the pounding houfe, where they 

 muft be reduced to powder in the manner before re- 

 lated V but whether it is nqcefTary to feparate the kraps 

 from the gemeens, as is now praftifed by the Dutch, 

 the confumers of Madder will be better judges tlian 



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There has been fome obje£tions of late mentioned to 

 the introducing, or rather retrieving the culture of 

 Madder in England, which it may be proper here to 



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