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.md tluis increafcs by appofition, and hence it may 

 ..be, that hallow, carious, or rotten trees, which have- 

 neither pith nor wood, excepting jufl: enough to ful- 

 tain the bark, grow and bear. 

 . Some contend tor the wood, which they obfcrve to 

 confifl of flender capillary tubes running parallel to 

 each other from the root up the trunk, being proper 

 to receive in a fine vapour; in the afcent whereof 

 the fibres become open, and their fubftance increafed, 

 and thus the trunks of trees are faid to increafe in their 

 circumference. ' ... 



■ As for the pith j as the woody fubftance of the trunk 



becomes more woody, the pith is comprefTed and 



. ftreightened to fuch a degree, that in fome trees it 



. quite difappears, whence it feems, that its office in 



.vegetation is not very important, fince its ufe is not 

 Tj' perpetual. By its fpongious fubftance it (hould feem 

 fitted to receive any fuperfluous moifture tranfudinc^ 

 .through the pores of the woody fibres ; and, if by the 

 ^^ c::cefs of fuch moifture, or the like caufe, it corrupt 

 ^\ and rot, as it frequently happens in Elms, the tree 

 . ■ feems not to grow worfe for it, which is a convincing 



.proof it is of no great ufe. *., .. 



\ The learned Dr. Boerhaave diftributes the juices of 



plants into fixclaffes: ., ,- 



1. The firft clafs comprehends the crude nutritious 



juice, or the juices of the root and ftem of plants, 



. which are little more than the mere matter of the ele- 



.; ment, as drawn by the root from the body it adheres 



to, whether it be earth, water, or the like, ^.:j;Q 

 ^ This juice is found in every part of the plant, and J 

 ' therefore may be held an univerfal juice; yet hecon- 

 j] fiders it as the juice of the root and ftem, becaufe it is 

 chiefly found in them. *.^.,1-. ..'^ ,;...;. .^,. . - 

 . This he takes to be the fubacid watery lymph with- 

 out any fpecific tafte or fmell, as not being yet ar- 



; rived to the maturity of oilinefs..: , ^ , 



^, To this clafs belong thofe juices, which diftil in great 

 J, abundance from wounds or incifions made in the 

 ^. woody parts of plants ; fuch, e. g. is that tart liquor 

 /, puCng from the root of the Walnut-tree, when cut off 

 in the month of May. , - - '^ . 

 Such alfo is that limpid fubacid humour flowing out 

 ,. very plentifully at an incifion in the Birch-tree, in the 

 ^^ month of March, to the quantity of feveral gallons in 

 '. a few days. 



1, 



■ ■- - • ty t 



- T 1 . 



.^ Such alfo is the juice iflljing out of the Vine wounded 



in the fpring time, which always taftes tartifh, and 



^- ferrnents like the Grapes themfeiyes. "■ w^|r^^{- ,j^ . 



', This juice may be efteemed as yet foflll, being gene- 



'. rated of and in the earth -, for the juice of the earth, 



being received into the canalsof thefe plants retains its 



: nature during two or three circulations, nor doth it 



immediately cornmence a vegetable juicci s"-- ;' * 



\ This clafs of juices therefore he accounts as the chyle 



,,.of the plant, being chiefly found in the firft ^order 



^.. of veflTels, viz. in the roots and the body of the plant, 



^,; which anfweir to the ftomach and inteftines of animals. 



2. Thefecond clafs of the juices is that of the leaves, 



^' which are the real lungs of plants, and accordingly 



. make a further change of the juice, which they re- 



,, ceive from the roots and ftem by force of the air. 



, The juice of leaves is different therefore from the 



.firft juice, as being more fulphureous, and farther 



^^ elaborated ; not that it derives any fulphur from the 



..fun, but that, its watery part exhaling, it becomes 



.' more oily, and lefs volatile. 



— >y V-* J •%■ I 



.*U 



diftinffuiflies 



h: 





The firft is the nutritious juice of the leaves, which 

 IS that already defcribed, only further elaborated in 

 the minute vcficulas of the leaves, and conlcquently 



f^^ 'j^v 



• ^ '. 



. lefs watery, and more oily and faccharine. 



The fecond is wax, which, exfuding out of the leaves, 



adheres to the furface, and is fcraped off by bees with 



;. their rough thighs to build their combs withal. This 



. is chiefly afforded by Lavender and Rofemary, upon 



. the latter of which the wax may be plainly perceived 



fticking to the leaves of it. 



-.vT^^ ^^'^^ *^ manna, not that with which the Ifraelites 

 were fed in the defert, but a drug fold among us ; it 



s 



is an eflentia! faccharine fait exfuding chiefly bv ni^^-t, 

 and in the fummer feafon, from the leaves of a for't ot 

 Afl) growing in Calabria and Sicily, and atihcrin^^ 

 thereto m the form of a cruft, to be gathered the next 

 mornmg ere the fun is up. 



The like fubftance is found to exfude from the leaves 

 of the Linden-tree and Poplar, in the heats of May 

 and June, at •vvhicli time they have an honey tafte, 

 and are even k^n with a fatty juice on them, which' 

 at the approach of the cold evening, gathers into 

 grains, f . - ■ 



3. The third clafs of juices are thofe of flowers, or 

 the genital parts of plants : in thefe are, 

 Firft, a pure elaborated volatile oil or fpirit, wherein 

 the particular fmell of the plant or flower refides, and 

 which, by reafon of its extreme volatility, exhales 

 fpontancoufly, infomuch that if the flower be laid for 

 fome time in a warm place, the odorous juice or fpiric 

 will be all fled* , - • - > . 



- n 



The fecond is the juice exprefled from the flower, 

 which in reality is the fame with that of the root and 

 leaves, only farther prepared; it is thicker than the 

 former, and has fcarce any fmell at all. Thus, if you 

 bruifca Hyacinth, or other fragrant flower, and ex- 

 prefs the juice, it will be found^al together inodorous. 

 • The third is thefweet juice called honey, which ex- 

 fudesfrom all flowers. Aloes, Colocynthus, and other 

 bitter flowers not excepted. . 



In all male flowers that have utricles at the bottom of 

 the petala, which Dr. Linnsusftyles the neftarium, 

 is found avifcid, ruddy, fweet juice in fome plenty, 

 and accordingly we fee the children gather Cowflips, 

 ; Dead Nettle, Horl^yfuckles, &c. and fuck the honey 

 .. frorri them. The bees too vifit thefe flowers, and 

 putting in thdr probofcides or trunks, fuck out the 

 honey, and load their ftomachs therewith to be after- 

 ward difcharged and laid up in their combs, fo that 

 honey is a vegetable juice. ,i • • .;.,.; ;- ,-7 



4. The fourth clafs of juices are thofe of the fruit and 

 feed, the preparative whereof is nature's final work, 

 which performed, the plants feem to die for a time, as 

 all animals are feen to languifti after the emiflion of 

 their femen. 



The juice of the fruit is like tJiat of the root, only 

 farther elaborated. 



The juice of the feed is an eflential oil or balm elabo- 

 rated. and exalted to its laft perfedlion. This juice or 

 oil is not found in the very point or embryo in the 



.: center of the placenta; all we meet with in that part 



:-:,il,afew j5ne watery particles fecreted from the placen- 

 ta, but it is in the placentuli or cotyledons them-' 

 felves, which confift of innumerable little folliculi or 



, cells, wherein this juice is contained, ferving to de- 

 fend the embryo, and prefcrve it from being cor- 



: rupted by water, which, it is well known, will hardl/ 



. pafs through oil. 



Thus, if you take, e.g. Fennel-feed, cut it through 

 the middle, and apply it to the microfcope, you will 

 cafily perceive a clear Ihining oil in the cells of each 



.lobe inverting the tender embryo. "Without this oil it 

 were impoflible afeed Ihould live a month, and m"uch 



,,lefs a year or two entire and uncorrupted in the 

 ground ^ - i- ,• v 



.This oil IS found in the feeds of all plants ; in fome, 



,e. gr, in Almonds, Cocoa-nuts, &c, in very grea^ 



qyanties ; in others lefs, as Pepper, Arum, &c. where 



\ one would fcarce imagine any oil at all ; and thefe 



r feeds loofe their vegetative qualitv very foon. . 



5, The fifth clafs of juices are thofe of the bark, which 

 is an artful congeries or bundle of perfpirative duels, 

 and abforbent veflels, :* / . . 



. Of thefe juices there are divers Ipecies, for the feve- 

 ral humours raifed and diftributed through the leaves, 

 flowers, and other parts of the plants, have all circu- 

 lated through the bark, and accordingly are frequent- ^ 

 ly found to diftil from wounds made therein. In fome 

 cafes, even the whole plant is no more than bark, xho 

 pulp having been eaten out, as in Willows, Elms^ 

 &:c, which live a long time in that ftate. 





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