* . 



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I 



I 



each containing two or three dark brown feeds tafling 

 like (iarlitk. ft Mowers in June, :ind the ieeds which 

 are an inirredient in Theriaca, ripen in Auguil. 

 The third fore is an annual pkmt, which grows natu- 



11 :_ .],„ .^^.-rl-iorn /-rMinripc r\f l^"nalnnd. 1 lie 



in the northern counties of Englan 



ftaiks of this rife about nine inches high, which are 

 divided at the top into fevcral branches, which are 



■ clothed with oblong heart-lkaped leaves, whofe bale 

 embrace the ftaiks •, they are fmooth and entire. The 

 flowers are fmall, white, and are produced in looie 

 lliort fpikes at the end of the branches : they appear 

 the beginning of June, and the Ieeds ripen early in 



The fourth fort is an annual plant, which grows na- 

 turally in fome parts of England ; the ftalk riles 

 about four inches high, is fingle, and never branches 

 out ; the leaves embrace the Italks at their bafe ; the 

 flowers are produced at the top of the ftaiks ; the 

 petals are the lize of the empalement, which are 

 fucceeded by roundifh heart-ftiaped pods, containing 



round feeds. „ . ^. ., ... ,■. 



The fifth fort grows naturally in Sicily -, this is a bi- 

 ennial plant, whofe Italks rife eight or nine inches 

 hicrh, branching out toward the top, and are garnifh- 

 ed°with blunt thick leaves, of a grayifh colour, which 

 are fpear-fliaped^and entire -, they are placed oppofite, 

 fittino- clofe to the fl:alk -, they have a bitter warm 

 tafte.'' The flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at 

 the top of the ftaiks -, they are fmall and of a purple 

 . colour, having four heart-fliaped petals placed in 

 - form of a crofs -, thcfe are fucceeded by heart-fhaped 

 ■' pods of a fine green colour, which are divided into 



■ two cells, each containing three or four fmall, oblong, 

 yellowifh feeds, which have an acrid tafte. It flowers 



• in June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. 

 The fixth fort is an annual plant, which grows natu- 

 rally in the northern parts of Europe ; this rifes about 

 fix or eight inches high. The ftalk branches toward 

 the top, and is garnilhed with oblong, fmooth, blunt 

 leaves which are a little indented ; thefe fit clofe to 

 the ftalk, and, if bruifed, have a ftrohg^ fcent of 



• Garlick. The branches are terminated by loofe 

 . fpikes oif fmall white flowers, compofed of four 



• "roundifh petals, placed in form of a crofs •, thefe ap- 

 • oear in June, and are fucceeded by fwelling round- 



ih pods, containing a few dark brown feeds whicji 1 



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4a^W-ii< *i* 





Wale 



few places in England •, this has a perennial creeping 

 root. The lower leaves are oblong and hoary -, they 

 are very ftightly finuated, but not indented on the 

 edges. ■ The ftaiks are about five or fix inches long, 

 and are bent toward the ground" -, the flowers are ra- 

 ther larger than thofe of the firft fort, but are of the 



It 



i fame form; the pods are hoary, but not hairy. 

 * flowers in Mav, and the feeds ripen in July. -4 '^ ,... 

 - orows naturally oh the fide of a bank beyond Wandf- 

 : ' worth in the road to Putney. ;^^h^>^ ^ '" 



> '- '-ff.ir*'''- 



. The eighth fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and 



• in Tome' pai-ts of York Ih ire in dry ftony paftures. 



'. ' The root of this is perennial and creeping •, the ftaiks 



rife four or five inchesjiigh ; the .lower^ leaves are 



> wedcre-fhaped,-'- being broad and rounde'd at 'their 



■p^bin'fsV'btif narrow at their bafe; of a deep' greenco- 



(. foijf,'' and fentire ; thofe upon the ftaiks are rounda-, 



•*f: -^AM ' fjt yery clofe, 'V The flowers' are produced in 



loofe iM"^- - V 1 



white, Ihaped like thofe of the other forts, and 



apfiear in May; thefe are fucceeded by roundifh 

 - heart-fhaped pods divided mto two cells, each con- 

 -» taining two or three brown feeds which ripen in July. 

 ^Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould 

 -be'fown where the plants are to remain, which may 

 ' be performed either in the fpring or autumn, but the 

 ■ latter is to be preferred, becaufe the feeds at that fca- 

 fon nevet fail •, and the plants which come up fcefore 

 winter will grow much ftronger, and produce a great- 

 er quantity of feeds than thofe which are fown in the 

 fpring, efpecially if the feafon proves dry ; and there 

 is very little danger of the plants being injured by 



r H u 



frofl: in winter, if they are upon dry ground. \\\'r:: 

 the plants come up, they will require jio otlier c:\vc 

 but to thin them where they arc too clofe, and keep 

 them* clean from weeds. 



The two forts v;hich are firft mentioned, m.ay be cul- 

 tivated for their feeds to be uled in medicine', fothele 

 m.iy be fown thin upon beds of lifjht ground, in the 



fame v/ay as tor othef garden plants, and wlicn they 

 come up, the ground Ihould be hoed to ciellroy the 

 wcedsj and where the plants are too thick, they iliouKl 

 be cut up in the fame manner as is praftifed for Oni- 

 ons, Carrots, &C. leaving them three or four inche^'^ 

 apart, and by twice hoeing the ground, if it is v/cll 

 performed, and in dry weather, will keep the ground 

 clean till the feeds are ripe. 



The other forts' art feldom cultivated but in botanic 

 gardens for variety, fo a few plants of each will be 

 fufficient ; therefore thefe may be fown in drills, and 

 when the plants come up they muft be thinned, and 

 kept clean from weeds. If the feeds of thefe plants 

 are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up 

 without care. 

 THISTLE. See Carduus. 



THORN APPLE. See Datura. 



T H O R N, the Glaftenbury. See Mespilus and Cra- 



TEGUS. 



THUNDER is defined by fome to b? a noife in th 

 loweft region of the air, excited by afudden kindling 

 of fulphureous exhalations. 



Some alfo account for it, by fuppofmg two clouds 

 impending over one another, the upper and rarer 

 whereot bccomino; condenfcd by a frefli acceffion of 

 the air, railed thither by warmth from the io^vcr 

 parts of the atmofohere, or driven upon it by the 

 wind, immediately falls forcibly down upon the lower 

 and denfer clouds, by which fall the air interpofed 

 between the two being comprefTed, that next the ex- 

 tremities of the two clouds is fqueezed out, and leaves 

 . room for the extremity of the upper cloud to clofe 

 -tight upon the under. Thus a great quantity of air 

 is inclofed, which, efcaping through fome v/inding 

 irregular vent or pafTage, occaftons the noife we call 

 .Thunder. ' '-^ ^; 



^ 

 ^ 



'f-^ »— i.'S^,-,^ 





^^p 



: But this only reaches to the ph^enomena of Thunder 

 _ /heard without lightening, and in effeft we have now 

 a better folution: that Thunder is not occafioned by 

 I : . the falling of the clouds, but by the kindling of ful- 

 phureous exhalations in the fame manner as the noife 

 of aurum fulminans. 



Sir Ifaac Newton fays, there are fulphureous exhala- 

 tions always afcending into the air, when the earth is 

 dry ; there they ferment with the nitrous acids, and 

 fometimes taking fire, generate into Thunder, light- 

 nino;, &c. 

 • That befides thp vapours raifed from water, &c- 

 there are alfo exhalations carried off from fulphur, 

 bitumen," volatile falts, &c. is pafl all doubt. The 

 .'vaft quantity of fulphureous and bituminous matter 

 all over the furface of the earth, and the volatile 

 falts of plants and animals, afford fuch an ample flock 

 thereof;, that it is ^no wonder the air fhould be filled 

 : .with fuch particles, raifed higher and lower, ' accord- 

 ing toltieir greater or lefs degree of fubtilty and afti- 

 vity, and more copioufly fpread in this^'or that quar- 

 ter^ according tothedirfeftidns of the winds, &c." 

 •The atrfl'ofphere about the earth abounds with nitrous 

 particles of a fpirituous nature, , which are every 

 where carried along with it ; befides which_ fort of 

 particles, there are others raifed up into the air which 

 may be fomewhat of .the nature of fulphureous, ni- 

 trous, and other combuflible bodies, as we fee fpinc 

 ■ of wine, fplrit of turpentine, camphire, and almcit 

 . all other combuflible bodies, will by heat be rarefied 

 into the form of air or fmoke, and be raifed up into 



the air. • - ; ■'■•'^- ■ ■ ' - 

 All which, if they have a fufficient degree of hear, 

 will catch Are, or be turned into flame by the nitrou'? 

 ■parts of the air, as thoufands of experiments might 

 be brought to prove. 



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