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a foft gentle loam, not too ftiff, nof over light ; this 



/houlci be well wrought, and the clods well broken, 

 and made fine. There muft be great care taken not 

 to break the roots of the plants in taking them up, 

 for they are very tender ; they flibuld be planted again 

 as foon as pofTiblj, for if their roots are long out of 

 the ground, they will be much injured thereby. Thcfc 

 may be planted in rows at abont a foot diftance, and 

 at fix inches diftance in the rows, for as they fliould 

 not remain long in thefe nurfery-beds, fo this will be 

 room enough for them to grow ; and by having them 

 fo clofe, they may be Ih^ded in the fummer, or (hel- 

 tered in the winter, with more eaie than when they 

 are farther apart. . ' . 



When the plants are thus planted, if the furface of 

 the beds is covered with rotten tanners bark, or with 

 Mofs, it will prevent the earth from drying too faft, 

 fo that the plants will not require to- be fo often wa- 

 tered, as they muft be where the ground is expofed to 

 the fun and air ; after this, the farther care will be to 

 keep them clean /rorn y/eeds, and if the latter part 

 of fummer fliould prove moift^ it will occafion the 

 plants growing late in autumn, fo the tops will be 

 tender and liable to be killed by the firft frofts. In 

 this cafe, they fhould be covered with mats to pro- 

 teft them. ' - ., 



If the plants make great progrefs the firft fummer, 

 they may be tranfplanted again the following fpring; 

 pare of them may be planted in the places where they 

 are to remain, and the other fhould be planted in a 

 nurfery where they may grow two or three years to 

 acquire ftrength before they are planted out for good ; 

 though the younger they are planted in the places 

 where they are to ftand, the larger they will grow, for 

 the roots run out into length, and when they are cut 

 it greatly retards their growth, fo that thefe trees 

 ftiould never be removed large, for they rarely fuc- 

 ceed when they are grown to a large fize before they 

 are tranfplanted. Some trees I have feen removed 

 pretty large, which have furvived their removal, but 

 young plants of two or three years old which were 

 planted near theni, were much larger in .fifteen years 



than the old ones. 



When the feeds are fown upon a bed in the full 

 ground, the bed fliould be arched over with hoops, 

 and fhaded in the heat of the day from the fun, and 

 frequently refreflied with water ; as alfo Ihould the 

 plants when they appear, for when they are expofed 

 much to the fun they make but fmall progrefs. The 

 care of thefe in fummer muft be to keep them clean 

 from weeds, fupplying them duly with water, and 

 lliading them from the fun in hot weather"; but as 

 thefe feeds will not come up fo fqon as thofe which 

 v/ere placed on a hot-bed, they generally continue 

 growing later in autumn, therefore will require fhel- 

 ter from the early frofts in autumn j fpr.as the ftioots 

 of thefe will be much fofter than thofe of the plants 

 which had longer time to grow,* fo if the autumnal 

 frofts Ihould prove fevere, they >yill be in danger of 

 being killed down to the furface of the ground, by 

 which the whole fummer's growth will be loft, and 

 fonietimes the plants are entirely killed by the froft 

 the firft winter, if they are not protecled. 

 As thefe plants will not have advanced fo much in 

 their growth as the other, they Ihould remain in the 

 feed-bed to have another year's growth before they are 

 removed, therefore all that will be neceffary to ob- 

 ferve the fecondyear is to keep them clean from 

 weeds ; and now they will not be in fo much danger 

 of fufFering from the warmth of the fun as before, 

 therefore will not require fuch conftant care to fhade 

 them ; nor fliould the watering of them be continued 

 longer than the fpring, for if the autumn ftiould prove 

 dry, it will prevent the plants from fhootihg late, 

 and harden thofe ftioots which .were made early in 

 the year, whereby the plants will be in lefs danger 

 from the early frofts. 



After the plants have grown two years in the feed-bed, 

 they will be ftrong enough to remove, therefore, in 

 the fpring, juft at the time when their buds begin to 



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fwell, they fhould be carefully taken up, and tranf^ 

 planted mto nurfery-beds, and treated in the fame wav 

 as has been before direfted for the plants which were 

 raifed on a hot-bed. 



There are fome people who propagate this tree by 

 layers, but the layers are commonly two or three years 

 before they take root, and the plants fo raifed, feldom 

 make fuch ftrait trees as thofe raifed from feeds ; tho' 

 indeed they will produce flowers fooner, as is always 

 the cafe with ftinted plants. 



This tree ihould be planted on a light loamy foil, 

 not too dry, on which it will thrive much better than 

 upon a ftrong clay, or a dry gravelly ground; for in 

 America they are chiefly found upon a moift licrht 

 foil, where they will grow to a prodigious fize, th(j\?o-h 

 it will not be proper to plant thefe trees in a foil 

 which is too moift in England, becaufe it might en- 

 danger the rotting of the fibres of the roots, by the 

 moifture continuing too long about them, efpecially 

 if the bottom be clay, or a ftrong loam, which will 

 detain the wet, 



TURKS CAP. SeeLiLiuM. 

 TURKY WHEAT. See Zea. 

 TURNER SeeRAPA. 



TURN ERA- Plum. Nov. Gen. 15. tab. 12. Lin. 

 Gen. Plant. 338. 



The Characters are', 

 The empakment of the flower is funnelJJ^aped^ of one leaf 

 having an ollongy cylindrical^ angular tuhe^ and is cut 

 into five fegments. The flower has five heart-fhaped, point- 

 ed^ plain petals^ with narrow tails which are infer ted in 

 the tube of the empakment \ it has five awl-fbapedftami- 

 na which are fhorter than the petals^ inferted in the em- 



. palement^ and are terminated ly acute-pctnted ereEf fnm- 

 mits^ and a conical germen fupporting three fUnder ftyles^ 

 crowned by hairy many-pointed ftigmas, The germen af- 

 terward turns to an oval capfule with onecell^ which opens 



' at the top with three valves ^ and contains federal oblong 

 obtufe feeds. • •*» > - . ^ ; - 



This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedion 

 of Linnasus's fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants 

 : whofe flowers have five male and tiirce female parts. 

 - ^The Species are, ■ 



Turnera {UlmifoUa) florlbus feffilibus pctiolaribus, 

 foliis bafi biglandulofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 33;. Tumera 

 with flowers growing clofe to the foot-flalks of the leaveSy 

 whofe hafe has two glands. * Turnera ulmifolia. Plum. 



Nov. Gen. 15. Shrubky Turnera with an Elm leaf , ..- 

 2, Turnera (Anguftifolia) floribus feflilibus petiolaribus 

 foliis lanceolatis rugofis acuminatis^^, S^z/r^^r^? with 



_ flowers fitting clofe to the foot-flalks of the leaves, and 

 fpear-floaped rough-pointed leaves:'. ^C'l&us urtica:; folio, 

 flore lutco, vafculis trigonis. Sloan.. Cat. Jam. 86! 

 Ciftus with a Nettle leaf a yellow flowery and a three^ 



. • cornered capfule, : ■ . 1 ; . i , ^ .. - _ _'. . . 

 Thf.fe plants are both of them natives of the warm 

 parts of America. The firft fpecies was found by 



■ Father Plumier in Martinico, who gave it the name 

 of Turnera, in honour of Dr. Turner, a famous Englifh 

 phyfician, who lived in Queen Elizabeth's reign, and 

 wrote an herbal, in which he has chiefly defcribed the 

 ufeful plants. 



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The fecond fort was difcovered by Sir Hans Sloane 

 who has figured it in his Natural Hiftcry of Jamaica, 

 under the following title, Ciftus urtic^ folio, flore 

 luteo, vafculis trigonis, vol. i. p. 202 \ but both thefe. 

 forts were obferved by my late friend Dr- Wilham 

 Houftoun, in feveral parts of America/ . . - > ", 

 This fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of 

 eight or ten feet, fending out branches on every fide 

 the whole length ; thefe are garniftied with narrow 

 fpear-fhaped leaves, which are hair)' j they are near 

 three inches long, and about three quarters of an inch 

 ' broad, terminating in acute points ; they are obtufely 

 fawed on their edges, and ftand upon very ftiorc 

 foot-ftalks; thefe, when rubbed, emit adifao-reeable 

 odour. The flowers grow from the fooi-ftalks of 

 the leaves, to which they fit very clofe, having two 

 pretty large leafy appendages to their empalements. 

 The flowers are of a pale yellow colour, and are 



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