p 



V 



r 



In forcing of fruit-trees people generally hand^ "vp 

 tjiermomecers under their glafies, for the better ad- 

 jufting the heat and regulating the fires; but when 

 this ispradhifed, they Ihoiild be hung where the fun 

 can never fhine on them, for one hour's fun-Iliine 

 . upon the ball or tube of the thermometer, in the 

 fpring of the year, will fo much rarefy the fpirics, 

 ihat they will rife to the top of the tube, when, at 

 the fame time, the circumambient air may not be 

 , inuch more than of a temperate heat ; but as the 

 principal ufe of thefe thermometers is. to regulate the 

 » . fires, they are feldom of much ufe in the day time ; 

 : becaufe,. if xhere, be only one hour's fun-lbine in the 

 day on the glaffes, it will warm. the air.fufficiendy for 

 ,. the produftion of European fruits, without any addi- 

 tional heat-, wherefore. there will rarely beoccafion 

 for continuing of the fires in the day, unlefs the wea- 

 ther fhould prove very bad. And if, by tTie'fires in 

 ., the night, the air is warpied to the temperate point 

 marked on the botanic thermometers, the fruit will 

 thrive much better than in greater heat.,- ;. *•, .. 

 .. There are fomeperfons near. London, .whb make it 

 their bufinefs to raife early fruit to fupply the mar- 

 kets, which they perform by the heat of dung only, 

 ■ . having no fire Walls in their garc^ens.v The method 

 ' which thefe people follow, is to have a good quantity 

 . cf newr. dung laid in a heap to Warm (after the fame 

 ; manner as is pradifed for making of hot-beds.) When 

 . this dung is in a proper temperature of heat, they lay 

 it clofcon the backfide.Qf their fruit Wall, about four 

 feet thick at thfc bottom, and floping to about ten 

 . inches or a foot thick at the top. ^ This dung fhould 

 be gently beat down with a fork to prevent the heat 

 going ofl^ too foon, but it ftiould not be trodden down 

 . too bard, left that fhould prevent its heating. : The 

 outfide,of the dung fhould be laid as fmooth as pofli- 

 v^ble, that the wet may run off more eafdy ; and if there 

 is a covering of thatch, as isTometlmes pradliled, it 

 . preferyes the dung from rotting too foori, whereby the 

 : heat is continued the ; longer, . :The time fqr. laying 

 this dung to the back of the WftU is. foniewhat later 

 than for making the fires, i. e. about the middle of 

 February.- The firft parcel of dung, will .continue 

 warm about a month dr five wjseksj when there fhould 

 :..Jt>e|Lju^ly^of new dung prepared, and the old taken 

 quite away, or mixed up with this new dung, to re- 

 new thelieat,^^>vhich, if it works kindly, 'will be fuf- 

 . :ficient to laft the feafori, Thefe Walls are covered with 

 glafies or oiled paper, in the fame manner as the fire 

 . Walls^ and the;tre,es rnuft..be treated in,the fameViy ; 

 ,-: but there muft.be more care taken to open the glaffes 

 againft thefe Walls, whenever the weatlier will per- 

 . mit, qtherwife the fteam of the dung will occafion a 

 great dampnefs through the Wall, which, if pent in 

 about the trees, will be very pernicious to them, efpe- 



'WiA± 



+ 



The CiMRACTERs are,""' ' '■'•■,-;■. '• 

 Tie fewer is of the mnhacesus tribe, end has a cVp ■ 

 fiaped permanent em^clement of one leaf, cut into ^cr 

 points at the rim j // has five heart-Jfjaped petals ivhicb 

 Jpreadopen^ and five ftamina, joined in a cylinder, termi- 

 mted by Iccfe fummits, and an oval gcrrr.eH, fupportin^ c 

 fingle flyle, cTo'^-ncd by a bifid ftigma. -The germen ttt>n: 

 to an oval capfule tvith one cell, inciofdg one obtufe feed. 

 This genus of plants is ranged in the firll ibaion of 

 Linnsiis's fixteenth clafs, v;hich includes thole plants 

 whofe flowers have five ftamina joined in'one bodv or 

 column. • ■- .; . •. 



The Sp2Cirs are, ■:;:.'■: 



I. Walth 



rato-dentatis capiculls pedunculatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 

 941- JValtheric wth oval plaited leaves^ wificb are fazv- 

 indented, and the flowers onfoot-JialkL V'^ Althaea Ame- 

 ricana, pumila, flore luteo fpicato. Breyn.,Cent. i. f. 

 57. " Low American Marjh Mallow with a yellow fpiked 



flower.-' .■■:; ■ ■' ;. , -- ,' :-.. ■ ■ ■ 



• Waltherta (/wi/Vt?) foliisovatIsferratlsplicatIS,ca- 

 pituIis ftfTilibus. Prod. Leyd. 348. JValtheriawith oval 

 flawed^ plaited leaves^ and the heads of flowers ftttin^ 

 clofe to the ira?iches.. Bctonica arborefceris, villofis fo^- 

 liis profunda venpfis, fioribus cxalis foliorum slome- 

 ratis: Pluk. Mant. 31;. /. 



3 



^^ 



■"« 



' 1 ■ " ^ , ■• 



■;'.,^ -3j"i 





. cially at the time they are in flower. v-^.<*V\' / -.= ^ -• * j 



_ - By this method fome gardeners have forced long 



Walls filled with old , well-grown frult-ttees, which 



have produced great quantities of fruit annually, 



; which has well anfwered their expence-, but as^ in 



. many parts, of England, it will ,be very difficult to 



procure, a fufficient quantity of new dung for this pur- 



■ pofe, therefore fire Walls are moft ufeful, andleaft 

 . expenfiye in fpch places; 



i have feen iri fome places long timber fences erefted 

 . > to force ffuit-trccs, by laying new dung againft the 

 ^rsbaclc fide, ^jjti the" fame manner 35 is pradjfed for the 



Walls, but thefe are by no means proper, becaufe 



■ the fteam of the dung will eafily get through every 

 little crack or joint of the boards, to the great pre- 

 judi^e^gf i^he, trees ibefides, thele boards will continue 

 very'<^amp, as long as, any moifture remains m tha 

 dung, which will alfo be very injurious to them ; and 

 as thefe bpards will in a few years decay, thefe will be 

 more expenfive than Walls, if they are kept in repair 

 for fome years, and will never anfwer the-^defign fo 

 well. . * -^ 



WALL FLOW 

 WALNUT. S( 



f 



T 



r 





■ 



r 

 t 



i 



e 



r 



■ 





-' r* *'. t . 



J 



See Cheiraxtiius. ; 



*■ 



7 • 



WALT HER I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 741. 



Walthe 



cajJitulis pedunculatis. Prod: Leyd. 348. fFaltheria 

 with. fpear-Jhaped flawed ledvet', and beads ofl flowers upon 

 foot-ftalks. Betonica arborefcens Maderafpatana villofa,' 

 foliisprofundevenofis. Pluk. Aim. 67. tab. 150. Tree^ 

 like Betony of Madras, with kairy deep-veined leaves. 

 This geniis of plants is defcribed in the French Me- 

 moirs of the Academy of Scicricesi, by Monf D'lf- 

 nard, who has given it the titje of Monofperm.alth^a, 

 from the habit of the plant feeing like Althsea jand, 

 . having a fingle feed to each flower, he compounded 

 -'.this name; but Dr.- Linnaeus has altered it to this of 

 Waltheria, in honour' of Auguftus Frederic Walther, 

 Profeffor at Leipfic, who is a curious botanift. ' - • 

 t> The firft fort grows naturally in the Brafils, and alfo 

 ': in mariy parts of the iflands. in > the Weft-Indies; it has 

 a foft ligneous ftallc Vhtch rifcs about two feet high, 

 fending'outtwQ-'or three fide branches. The leaves 

 are oblong, oval, plain; and fawed on their edges, of 

 a pale yellowifti green colour, fofc and hairy, and <ire 

 placed alternately. The flowers are colle£led in a clofc 

 j.thick fpike at the. top. of^the'ftalk, having foft hairy 

 ^cmpalements ; they are compofed of five petals, con- 

 ^'Tiefted 3t their bafe, which are fmalJ, of a bright yel-"' 

 low colour, and fpread open; thefe arc each fucceeded* 

 I by angular feeds which ripen in the empalement. It 

 .".flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds npeh in 

 autumn.- ^^r; .v/^i, : ^ -^ // ^ :^>- : :IL^ .' r'r -^ \ 



rThe fecond fort grows naturally in both Indies; thfs 



rifes with a flirubby branching ftalk to the height of 

 '. eight or ten feet, covered with foft hairs. The leaves 

 iizxc placed alternately upon foot-ftalks ; they are four 



inches long, and two broad jn the^ middle, and are 

 - rounded at both ends, of a yellowifh green colour, 

 . very hairy and foft, having feveral longitudinal veins. 

 : From the wings of the branches arife the foot-ftalks of 



the flowers, which fit clofe to the branches," and are 

 ' terminated by clufteVs of very fmall yellow flowers, 



v/hich juft peep out of their, fofc hairy empalements. 



The flowers are fucceeded by a fingle feed wrapped 

 : in the empalement of the flower. : It flowers moft of 



the fummer months, and the feeds ripen infuc;ceflion. 

 "The third fort grows naturally at Campeachy and in 



India ; from the firft place the feeds were fent me. 

 _ The ftalks of this are ligneous ; they rife fix or feven 



feet high, dividing into feveral branches, which are lefs 



hairy than thofe of the former fort; The leaves are 

 -fpear-fliaped, about three inches and a half long, and 

 ■ one inch and a half broad; they are'of a ycllowifh 

 . green colour, fawcd on their edges,' and hairy, but are 



not fo foft as thofe of the former, having many vtihi 



running from the midrib, ftanding upon long foot- 

 : ftalks. The flowsrs are very fmall, yellow, and afq 



collefted into round clufters, ftanding upon veryihorw 



Jt4 1' * - f©ot- 



i- 



• - 



