62 LEAFLETS. 
disunited bulge out, as it were to admit air and insects to the 
generative organs, so that this part of the corolla is inflated and 
described as fenestrate, or with window-like openings. Of 
courseif this tension of the lower and free portion of the segments 
may be supposed in some ancestral type—and it easily may—to 
have caused arupture of this tube by the upper suture, in sucha 
case, the tension which held separate the fenestrated parts 
being relieved, the complete union of the segments throughout 
would easily have followed, and the ligule of the Cichoriacee 
would have come into existence by a process of development 
exactly the reverse of that of the splitting down from the top 
of a corolla that was already united and tubular from the base 
to above the middle. 
In Europe where exist not only such suggestive, if not instruct- 
ive types as Jasione, Phyteuma, and some others; where from 
immemorial time, and long before the rise of botany, people 
detected likeness in aspect and likeness in quality to the extent 
of using as salads having the same taste, both cichoriaceous and 
campanulaceous plants; in Europe, I say, it is not strange that 
really affinity was conceded by the most noted systematists to 
subsist between these two groups of plants, a good while before 
the close of the eighteenth century. Andit was this fact which, 
with every noted botanist of the nineteenth century, prevented 
the placing, in books, of the whole rank and file of the “ Com- 
posite proper ” in between the cichoricee and their next of kin. 
But this movement, which is either blindly or else stubbornly 
retrogressive—surely retrogressive—which interposes nearly or 
quite a thousand genera, and probably twenty thousand species 
between groups of plants as closely related, at least, as are the Cru- 
ciferee and the Capparidex, or the Ranunculaceex and the Papa- 
veracee—this has been undertaken by men whom our reviewer 
looks up to as promulgators of a “ Modern and very philoso- 
phic system of plant arrangement.” The author of such a 
phrase does not, I think, in this instance know well his topic. 
His “modern and very philosophic German system of plant 
arrangement ” surely is not modern; and that it is philosophic, 
they who know much about the plant world by long experience 
