P d 
KEY TO THE ORDERS 
Subkingdom iecur pbi i UP E Plants 
Plants producing flowers and seeds. A contains an embryo consisting of a 
Short stem (radicle, caulicle, OI one, two, or several rudimentr| 
lea es (cotyledons), and a terminal bud (plumule 
Carpel or pistil representéd by a scale on the face of which the ovules are borne. 
and on which the naked Sees ERA He: Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. 
Carpel or ne with a closed cavity within whieh the ovules are borne and the 
seeds mature Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. 
1. Gymnosper 
mae 
Plants growing by single terminal bud or sometimes with adventitious buds, when with 
pinnate leav es, circinate in bud. 
PA 
Palm- n Run dura like RAN Leaves in a crown: blades pinnate. Flowers 
of app mate scales or on less modified ue Staminate 
Cond. " ith Seales Bcarina several pollen-saes. Ovulate con e 1H two 
or more ovules on each scale. Seed drupe-like a nut-li 
Order E ERR 1 
RATIB m Leav es scale-like, narrow, or nee poss e and often borne in 
a cone of dry or fleshy scales, or partly or wholly naked. cA group devel- 
oped later iud more highly organized than the CYCADALE 
m PINALES. 2 
2. Angiospermae 
Embryo with a single cotyledon, the early leaves alternate; blades, except 
Smilacaceae, parallel-veined : stem with a mass of cellular tissue through Which 
oody fibers are scattered: flower with the parts in threes or sixes. 
Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
Embryo usually with a pair of opposite cotyledones, the early leaves opposite ; 
blade net-veined: stem with central pith, aaa in lay E of wood which is 
surrounded by bark: flower with the parts in fours or five 
Subelass 2 2. DICOTYLEDONES, 
1. MONOCOTYLEDONES 
Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere scales, 
not coro lla-like, or oM 
pn Box in the axils of dry or ed braets (scales or glumes). 
e t 
of bristles or chaffy scales. Order PANDANALES. 13 
Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, ros wanting. 
Fruit baccate: endosperm present. Order ARALES. 243 
Fruit dr sare one endosperm wanting. Order NATADALE S. 14 
Flowers D. rus axils or dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, Brat (seales 
or glum rder POALES. 29 
Perianth of 2 dis stinct series, the inner series usually corolloid. 
Gynoecium of ee carpels. Order ALISMALES. 220 
Gynoecium of un MC arpels. 
Endosperm m . Order XYRIDALES. 250 
io 
orbs, or ee shru bs or trees, with simple leaves: ovules 
2—many in each cavity of the ovary, or solitary only in the 
ease of a few herbs. 
oe not a fleshy spadix Order LILIALES. 273 
Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe. 
Order ARALES. 243 
Trees or shrubs, with pinnately or palmately Compound or lobed 
leaf-blades : ovules soli itary in each cavity of the ovary. 
Order ARECALES. 236 
Ovary, o rud wholly inferior or half-inferior. 
Endosperm present and usually copious. 
ers regular: androecium not reduced. 
rder AMARYLLIDALES. 314 
Flowers very irregular: androecium much cedaced and modi- 
ed. Order SCITAMINALES. 358 
Endosperm wanting. . "mu 
ose Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious: aquatic 
Order HYDROCHARITALES. 26 
Flowers irregular, perfect: terrestrial or epiphyuc plants. 
Order ORCHIDALES. 362 
XV 
