CARDUACEAE 1303 
ribbed, 3-5-lobed: burs 3-8 together; body about 1 cm. long, about 5 mm. 
m P E glandular-puberulent, the spines 150-200, slender, about 3 
ong; beaks stout, ascending, nearly straight, 4 mm. long. — Clay TON 
Famity 2. CARDUACEAE Necx.— THISTLE FAMILY 
Herbs or rarely shrubs, or sometimes trees in tropieal regions. Leaves 
opposite or alternate, sometimes all puse without stipules; blades various. 
Flowers perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, 
when ray-flowers are present the head is said to be radiate, when wanting 
it is said to be discoid. Androecium of 5 stamens: filaments mostly adnate 
to "o corolla-tube: anthers often appendaged at the apex and sometimes 
also at the base, united into a ring (syngenecious) except in Kuhnia. 
Gynoecium A T ary. Ovary wa 1-celle Stigmas of the fruc- 
tiferous flow . Ovule solitary. Fruit an achene. Seed erect —Abou 
800 genera har 10,000 species, of wide geographie distribution. In the 
following figures the filaments and the anthers are not always shown in 
proper proportions. 
Anthers not caudate at the 
H iscoid, but rarely with the auies split on one side and thus ligulate: 
rollas varying from white to red or blue, never yellow or brown: stigmas 
half-cyli ndric. 
tigmas m elongate, acute, with stigmatic part on the inside, hispidulous 
with 
Achene a 4-angled, or if 4-angled not clavate: pappus-squamellae, if 
any, not with strong midribs. Tribe I. VERNONIEAE. 
Achenes 4-angled, clavate: pappus of elonga te 
Squamellae with strong midribs (Palafowia and 
olypteris in VII. HELENIEAE. 
Stigmas somewhat elongate, obtuse or rounded at the 
I with the stigmatic part on the inside only 
ar the base, the upper portion, as well as the out- 
side, hispidulous II. EUPATORIEAE. 
Heads radiate, Or, if discoid, the disk-eorollas usually 
yellow or brown stigmas either without appen- 
dages, truncate or rounded a e apex, or with 
acute appendages. 
n^. dn e bracts, or both, with conspicuous resinous . 
VIII. TAGETEAE. 
Leaves "nd bracts without resinous glands (rarely 
netate with oil glands). 
Boon us of squamellae or stiff bristles, or coroni- 
orm, or dn ing. 
Involugral bracts not scarious-margined, usu- 
y green and more pi less ioa coe 
Recopie chaffy (paleaceous VI. HELIANTHEAE. 
Receptacle naked o m EE A in Gaillardia. i 
Involu eral brac imbricate in several 
ries. III. ASTEREAE. 
Involueral bracts in 1 or 2 subequal NM 
© VII. HELENIEAE. 
Involueral eae Ne dry scarious or hyaline 
argins or ti 
Pappus of E E stigmas with acute 
or acutish appendages. VII. HELENIEAE. 
Pappus AR wanting: stigmas 
truncate at the IX. ANTHEMIDEAE. 
