236 MR. H. W. PUGSLEY : A REVISION OF THE 
F. rupestris, bear a superficial resemblance in flower and fruit to the 
perennial F. africana, Lamk., of the section Petrocapnos, which Hammar, 
who probably had very scanty material before him, included among them, 
Like F. africana they are lovers of warmth, and some of them grow in native 
habitats on rocks in North Africa, whence they appear to have spread to 
cultivated land. Most of them flourish in North Africa, and while they 
extend round nearly the whole Mediterranean littoral, they are absent at 
any great altitude or distance from the sea. Away from the Mediterranean 
F., agraria alone spreads through Portugal, where rigorous winters are 
unknown, while F. occidentalis curiously occurs as an isolated outlier of the 
group in West Cornwall, where the mildness of the winters, considering the 
latitude, is proverbial. 
The other large-flowered Fumitories, Hammar’s Capreolate, are likewise 
most abundant round the Mediterranean, especially towards the west, whence 
they extend over the islands of the North Atlantic. They also range through 
France and Britain, but are rare or absent east and north of a line drawn 
southwards along the Rhine and across the Eastern Alps and Balkans to the 
Black Sea. Their distribution thus agrees generally with that of the Agrarie, 
but is less restricted to the south, the Capreolate forms being evidently less 
impatient of cold and able to maintain themselves about as far northwards 
as the isotherm of 32° F. for the month of January. 
The large-flowered Fumitories, regarded as a whole, may thus be considered 
as primarily plants of the Mediterranean region, extending northwards in 
Western Europe, but practically absent from Central and Eastern. Europe, 
and from Asia except in the vicinity of the Mediterranean. It is evident 
that they cannot exist where the winter climate is severe. 
On the other hand, the Parviffore or Oficinales of Hammar have a 
different and much wider distribution and are very much hardier. While 
they inhabit almost the whole region occupied by the Grandijlore, they occur 
in the greatest abundance and variety in Eastern. Europe, and in Western 
and Central Asia, where they extend as far as India and Mongolia. In some 
of their habitats they maintain an existence under elimatie conditions very 
severe for annuals. F. Schleicheri and F. Vaillantii are found in the Altai 
region, and both of these species grow at an altitude of nearly 2000 m. in 
the Swiss Alps. Four species, F. parviflora, F. Vaillantii, F. Schrammii, and 
F. officinalis, have a remarkably wide distribution, ranging from the Atlantic 
far into Asia; but most of the local species are Asiatic, although some rare 
outliers are found in the high mountains of Africa. It will thus be seen 
that the small-flowered Fumitories are planis of almost the whole Palearctic 
region outside the Arctic Circle and excluding China, with a tendency to 
predominate towards the east and with isolated species on certain African 
mountains. 
