GENERA FUMARIA AND RUPICAPNOS. 239 
It is probable that in the Old World the range of the more widely spread 
species has been extended through human agency, as has obviously happened 
in America, where F. agraria and F. capreolata are extensively naturalized 
in the southern continent and F. parviflora in Mexico. The remarkable 
distribution of F. muralis from Western Europe round Africa to the East 
Indies and New Zealand is clearly due to the same cause, 
NATURE or HABITATS oF THE FUMARIX. 
In north-western Europe, where the conditions of an open association and 
free soil such as the annual Fumitories require are now rarely to be met 
with in natural habitats owing to the spread of modern civilization, the 
plants of this genus are very generally found as weeds of cultivation : and 
owing to the moist summers that usually prevail, they may commonly be seen 
from spring to autumn according to the tillage of the ground, for the 
frequent rains afford continuously a sufficient degree of moisture for the 
germination of their hard-coated seeds. In these regions they show 
considerable variation in different situations and as the season progresses, 
and the diverse forms that they assume have been carefully diagnosed by 
Haussknecht in the case of the small-flowered species with which he was 
familiar in Germany. 
In the Mediterranean region, however, as well as in Asia, where the 
summers are normally hot, and dry rather than wet, it is only after the 
winter rains that the seeds are able to germinate, and consequently Fumariæe 
are generally flowers of spring or early summer only and are liable to less 
vegetative change. 
In these southern and eastern countries it is evident from the notes of 
collectors that they are by no means confined to disturbed or cultivated 
ground, for the conditions of environment which they need frequently exist 
in nature on an extensive scale. The following records of apparently natural 
habitats have been noted :—Among the G'randiflore, F. rupestris from rock 
fissures and calcareous rocks ; F. atlantica from sbady rocks ; F, flabellata 
from grassy hills and maritime pastures ; F. dubia from ** mountains " near 
Algiers; F. macrosepala from shady rocks, rock-slopes and among Chamerops ; 
F. coccinea from moist rocks and mountain wood-edges; F. bicolor from 
bushy places and slopes near the sea ; and F. sepium var. gaditana from stony 
slopes. Of the Parviflore, F. montana from mountain rocks ; F. Aralikii on 
rocks in the Crimea (Pallas) ; F. officinalis var. minor on rocks and in stony 
places in the Crimea (Pallas & Bieberstein); F. Vaillantii from sandy hills 
of the desert in Songaria; F. asepala in stony, uncultivated places ; 
F. parviflora in the desert near Bagdad ; F. parviflora var. latisecta in shady 
places of Mt. Sinai ; and F. parviflora var. persica on maritime sands of the 
Caspian. 
ee 
