GENERA FUMARÍA AND RUPICAPNOS. 253 
The dark red or purplish markings about the apex of the corolla vary 
greatly in different species, being occasionally quite absent, sometimes 
confined to the inner petals and sometimes spreading thence, either partially 
or entirely, over the wings of the upper one. This marking is uniform in 
every species (in perfect flowers) excepting F. Bastardii and a few of the 
Parviflore. Attention is drawn to these variations under the diagnoses of 
the generic subsections, and they may generally be clearly seen in well 
dried exsiecata. A well-known peculiarity of this purplish colouring is its 
tendency to disperse towards the base of the corolla after fertilization and 
as the flower fades. 
The characters of the fruit are of course among the most important, and 
those which are visible in the dry state are usually recognized without 
difficulty. A slight emendation of Hammar’s diagnosis of this organ is, 
however, necessary, for although the apical separation of the endocarp is 
alluded to, no mention is made of its depression in a hemispherical form 
fitting the hollowed upper side of the amphitropous seed. In a few species 
that are widely distributed, like F. capreolata, F. muralis and F. parviflora, 
the shape of the fruit varies considerably, but otherwise there is a general 
uniformity in each species. The fleshy neck-like base, particularly conspicuous 
in the subsection Capreolate, disappears by shrinkage as the fruit dries, and 
the apical profile is liable to change in some species at maturity or in the dry 
state owing in some cases to the subsidence of a small mucronulus, or, 
in others, where this is larger and more beak-like, to its splitting and thus 
becoming retuse or emarginate. The rugosity referred to in the deseriptions, 
and also the apical pits, are only seen when the fruit is dry, and the former 
is sometimes ill-marked even then in fruits that have not reached maturity. 
A monstrous condition of the fruit, in which it becomes swollen to more than 
twice its natural size, occasionally oceurs. This has been noticed especially 
in exsiceata of F. muralis from Madeira and in Spanish specimens of 
F. parviflora. 
From the regularity with whieh the more or less cleistogamous flowers in 
this genus develop fruit, it may be concluded that self-fertilization regularly 
takes place and that Fumitories are not dependent on insect visitors for their 
pollination. In the more northern regions of their range, such as Dritain, 
insect visitors are apparently rare; but the flowers of F. Bastardii and 
F. muralis have been observed to attract the humble-bee. As might be 
expected under these conditions, the occurrence of hybrids is not. common, 
and such as have been observed are almost invariably isolated individual 
plants that are entirely barren and evanescent. 
