364 MR. C. C. LACAITA : A REVISION OF 
with him altogether in the eases of Æ. australe and E. pyrenaicum, and to 
a lesser degree in regard to Æ. pustulatum. He seems to have devoted most 
attention to the species of Algeria, but his chief discovery was the difference 
in the arrangement of the scales in the corolla-tube, from which the veins 
take their origin. In accordance with this he divides the genus into the 
Sections Gamolepis and Eleutherolepis (* Sectionnement du genre Echium” 
in Act. Congr. Internat. Bot. 1900, pp. 346-350), though admitting that one 
or two species, particularly Æ. maritimum, Willd. (E. confusum, Coincy), 
are ambiguous and variable in respect of that character. 
The structure of the inflorescence in the genus Echium was studied by 
Kaufmann (see his paper * Ueber die Entwickelung der Cyma scorpioidea 
bei den Borragineen” in Bot. Zeit. xxvii. p. 886, 1869). What the older 
authors called “spikes” in this genus are really what the Germans term 
“ Wickeln.” The Latin cincinnus is employed to express the same idea, but 
I do not find that any satisfactory English equivalent has come into use. 
“Curl,” which is the literal translation of cincinnus does not exactly corre- 
spond to Wickel. I would suggest “furl,” which is all the more suitable 
because, not being a word in common use, it does not suggest any false 
connotation *, At any rate, the verb “unfurl” exactly expresses what 
happens to the cincinni as they develop from bud to fruit. The word 
'eyme," used by de Coiney and other moderns, is not suitable, for, 
although the structure is one of the eymose arrangements, the word itself, 
as applied to the visible result of the structure, conveys to the mind a 
picture very different from that presented by the inflorescence of any 
Echium. 
De Coiney, in the same paper on *Sectionnement,? and in his note on 
E. simplex in Bull. Hb. Boiss. 2, iii. p. 276 (1903), has given an admirable 
account of the arrangement of the flowers in the cincinnus, explaining how 
the difference in the several lacini of each ealyx depends on the exact 
position of the flower relatively to the rachis, on which their disposition is 
distichous and subunilateral. 
Most European species of Echium have been described as biennials, 
though Coutinho, Fl. Port. (1913), more judiciously marks them © or g 
with the exception of lusitanicum (Broteri), polycaulon (salmanticum), and 
rosulatum, which are certainly perennial, and parvifforum, which is always 
annual. But arenarium, australe, davum, grandiflorum, italicum, planta- 
* I must enter a protest against the growing pedantic misuse of the term “ connote,” 
especially by writers on scientific subjects, in the sense of plain English “mean” and 
occasionally even in the sense of * denote." The name Echium denotes all the plants of the 
genus, but connotes the generic characters. The use of the word as an English logical 
term was introduced by James Mill, and is explained in Mill's ‘Logic, i. 9, 856. — Connotare 
was used by the schoolmen in the 14th Century, but not in the precise sense of the Mills, 
See, farther, in Murray's Eng. Dict. sub voc, “ connotative” and “ connote,” 
