SOME CRITICAL SPECIES OF ECHIUM. 403 
known whitish-flowered plant figured by J. Bauhin, Hist. Pl. iii. p. 586 
(1651), that agrees with Linn:eus's * corollis cinereis ete.” ; and of which 
an extra luxuriant individual is figured by Jacquin as altissimum. What 
Ray says of this synonym is all important, for he had himself observed the 
plant “in agro Salernitano et Romano, inque Etruria et Gallia Narbonensi." 
The first three regions are precisely those districts of Italy where italicum = 
altissimum is extremely plentiful, but where pyrenaicum does not exist. 
The former is most abundant in the Roman Campagna. The traveller can 
easily recognise it from the window of his railway-carriage all the way from 
Bologna to far beyond Naples. If he travels on to Taranto it will accompany 
him from Salerno across the watershed of Potenza and far down the valley 
of the Basiento. But he will never see it in the plains of Apulia, where it is 
replaced by pyrenaicum, Ray's next species, called by him “ Echium majus et 
asperius flore dilute purpureo Botan. Monsp.," both italicum and pyrenaicum 
being found, the latter more commonly, in the Montpellier district. 
(2) Dodoens's account of his Jehii altera species * is far from clear ; but 
as his figure is a mere reproductien of that of Lobel's Lycopsis altera anglica, 
which first appeared in Stirp. Hist. p. 312 (1576) and is repeated in his Ic. 
Stirp. p. 579, it really coincides with the next synonym (c), and is referable 
to E. pyrenaicum. 
(3) The Lycopsis of C. Bauhin is, as I have explained fully in my paper 
on the Echia of Miller's ‘Gardener’s Dictionary, a muddle of X. plantagineum 
with Æ. pyrenaicum as represented by the above-mentioned figure of Lobel. 
Linnæus was obviously unaware that plantagineum was mixed up in this syno- 
nym when he subsequently quoted Lycopsis for his italicum B= pyrenaicum. 
Echium italicum as a name starts in Sp. Pl. p. 139 (1753), with the 
diagnosis of Hort. Ups. repeated and only one synonym, Æ. majus et asperius, 
Cam. epit. 728, which of course is the same as the identical Bauhin phrase, 
but a 8 makes its appearance, without any diagnosis or comment, to receive 
the Lycopsis synonym. Then in the second edition, p. 200, a new diagnosis is 
substituted, Æ. caule erecto piloso, spicis hirsutis, corollis subequalibus, stamini- 
bus longissimis, the synonyms being his own diagnosis of Hort. Ups. and those 
of C. Bauhin and Camerarius, with Lycopsis again referred to var. 8, of 
which now we obtain some account, to which I will return when speaking of 
E. pyrenaicum. Linnæus’s later works give us no further information about 
his typical italicum, though they bring fresh matter for var. 8 pyrenaicum t. 
Unquestionably the plant that, according to the usual and legitimate 
practice, must bear the Linnean specific name is the first form described, 
especially seeing that a different name for var. 8 appears in the Mantissa and 
in the herbarium for the specimen corresponding to that variety. The only 
specimen in the herbarium marked italicum by Linnæus is precisely the 
* P. 620 in ed. of 1583, but p. 631 in that of 1616. 
t The reference to Hudson's Fl. Angl. in Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 1678, mentioned below, only 
adds confusion, not information. 
