424 MR. C. C. LACAITA : A REVISION OF 
hirsutum maculatum, Bauh. Pin. 254, and (3) E. rubro flore, Clus. Hist. ii. 
p.164. Then comes (4) * Habitat in Austria." And there follows an Obs. 
with five remarks: (5) "simillimum Æ. vulgari sed corolla violacea " ; 
(6) “ caulis magis diffusus " ; (7) “stamina corolla non longiora, purpurea, 
tamen stylo albo piloso”; (8) “corolle tubus longitudine fere calycis " ; 
(9) “facies distincta.” And (10) a statement that the plant described was 
grown in Hort. Ups. Of the above elements 2, 3, and 4 refer to X, rubrum 
and to X. rubrum only; the remaining seven apply to the herbarium 
specimen. 
No. 2 (the first synonym), wrongly ascribed by Linnæus to C. Bauhin's 
‘ Pinax, p. 254 (1623), is not found there, but in his * Phytopinax,' p. 490 
(1596), as “ Echium sylvestre secundum hirsutum maculatum = E. rubro flore 
Clus. Pann. p. 682.” It is therefore identical with the second synonym, 
which is found in Clusius, Rar. Stirp. Pann. p. 681 (1583), and in his Hist, 
Pl. ii. p. 164 (1590), with an excellent figure that can represent nothing but 
E, rubrum, Jacq., and a fairly good account of the plant, stated to come from 
Sopronium (Oedenburg) in Hungary. The “habitat in Austria” therefore 
agrees with Æ. rubrum, but not with the specimen, which does not resemble 
any species found in Austria or Hungary *. 
Nevertheless, it is impossible to identify the violaceum of Linnæus with 
I’. rubrum, because: (1) the herbarium specimen is not rubrum; (2) the 
herbarium contains three excellent specimens of Æ. rubrum, though unnamed 
and unrecognised by Linnzeus (sce note 7 on specimens J, K, L); (3) E. rubro 
Jlore, Ray Hist. i. p. 499, which is identical with Æ. rubro flore, Clus., is not 
quoted here but under Æ. eretieum, showing that Linnæus had no clear or 
consistent idea of Æ. rubro flore; (4) the diagnosis and the characters 
indicated in the Obs, are incompatible with Æ. rubrum. The specimen is not 
rubrum, because it has a bifid style and is unlike that species in every 
character. The identification with Æ. plantagineum or a large-flowered 
variety of that species is obviously incompatible with the synonyms and 
habitat assigned ; it must have been based by those who adopted it on the 
descriptive elements, which at first sight might be thought applicable. But 
Linneeus tells us that he was describing the Hort. Ups. plant represented in 
the herbarium by our specimen, which is not plantagineum on account of the 
very different indumentum, and the pubescent corollas that also differ in 
texture and shape. The specimen is not the typical Æ. pustulatum of 
tubo calycibus breviore." Then follow two synonyms: (2) K. sylvestre 
* With regard to the violaceum of the German authors, it is to be noted that, as alread y 
remarked by Grenier, “T'E, violaceum des auteurs allemands pas plus que leur plantagineum 
ne croissent en Autriche, mais seulement en Istrie et en Dalmatie,” which in the time of 
Linneeus did not form part of the Austrian territories, but were still subject-lands of 
Venice, 
