A EUROPEAN PETRIFACTION WITH FOLIAGE. 485 
text-fig. 1, the axis and leaf-base tissues are replaced by ramenta, but the 
thiekly packed and definitely oriented ramenta simulate leaf-bases in a 
manner already noted and figured for his specimens by Wieland (1906, p. 99, 
text-fig. 52). 
It is in this upper region that the young leaves lie in the present specimen, 
section j being the lowest section in which any of them appear. In &, in the 
leaf-base area directly below j, can be seen the corresponding rachis of each 
leaf rounding off with its horse-shoe shaped strands of vascular tissue. 
The young leaves in the specimen occur as separate fronds in their normal 
sequence, each with the pinn: folded as in the bud, and each frond lies 
above the area of the corresponding leaf-base, which had narrowed and 
rounded off to form the rachis in a distance of a few millimetres. 
The pinne in some sections are closely packed together, and in the most 
complete leaflet there are tightly packed nine pinnæ on either side ; but 
none of the fronds are entire, and some of the more broken or distorted leaves 
show as many as ten to sixteen leaflets on one side. Figs. 8, 9, and 12, PI. 20, 
show characteristic groups of pinnw. In one instance only are the pinne 
attached to the rachis (fig. 7, Pl. 20), most of the groups of pinnz lie in place, 
but somewhat distorted in the midst of ramenta. 
The ramenta are noticeably of two kinds :—large stout ones which are 
oriented so as to form a leaf-base shaped mass, and so to lie that with the 
low power they exactly simulate leaf-bases surrounding the axis; and in 
addition to these are the much smaller ramenta composed of as many, but 
individually very much smaller cells, which are packed in drifts between the 
others and also between the true leaf-bases. 
As is usual in this family, there is no sign of a main, or indeed of any 
other root at the base of the trunk : the lowest section of all (7) has, however, 
a curious, nearly central ring of tissue which is discussed below (p. 486). 
Detailed Description. 
The MAIN axis.—The woody cylinder and the general outline of the stem 
of this young and apparently uncrushed axis is distinctly oral (see figs. 1 & 2, 
Pl. 19), aud though the original statement of Carruthers (1870) that the 
oval shape of the axis is a generic character has often been disputed, I think 
that the obvious oval of this exceedingly young specimen distinetly lends 
support to Carruthers’ surmise. 
Though this little axis is about one-fourth the diameter of the ordinary 
Bennettites trunk, its arrangements of axis, vascular strands, leaf-bases, exits 
of horse-shoe shaped leaf-traces and so on, are all essentially characteristic 
of the genus. 
The vascular cylinder is, however, very short and proportionately thick. 
At its thickest part (sections p and o) the wood has about 40 tracheids in 
2R2 
