998 LXXVIII. COMPOSITÆ., (J. D. Hooker.) [ Calendula, 
Stem 12-18 in., corymbosely branched above. Leaves 1-3 in., acute, often hispid. 
on both surfaces. Heads terminal, 2 in. diam. and under; invol. bracts lin.,ineurved 
and appressed to the ripe achenes; ligules many, bright orange yellow, 3-toothed, tube 
hairy. Achenes longer than the involucre. 
2. C. arvensis, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient. iii. 418; annual, pubescent, 
radical leaves subspathulate entire, cauline lanceolate cordate-amplexicaul sub- 
entire or toothed, achenes all curved marginal dorsally echinate beaked, inner 
dorsally murieate. DC. Prodr. vi. 452; Sibth. Fl. Gree. t. 920, 
Kasumir, Stoliczka.—Disrrin. S. Europe, W. Asia. 
Habit of C. officinalis, but differing in the sulphur-coloured ligules and beaked 
achenes,—- A doubtful native of India. , 
Tre IX, CYNA ROIDEJE. 
83. ECHINOPS, Linn. 
Thistle-like herbs, with white tomentum. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid, 
spinous. Heads in globose involucrate balls, blue or white, sessile or shortly 
stipitate on a common receptacle, 1-fld.; fl. © , all fertile, tube slender, limb with 
5 slender segments, Involucre oblong ; bracts oo -seriate, rigid, pungent or some 
spinescent, outer shorter, inner spathulate, innermost linear or lanceolate, some- 
times all connate into a tube with one long rigid spine on the outer side ; rece 
tacle minute. Filaments glabrous; anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails 
short entire or fimbriate. Style-arms thick, and with a thick basal ring, at 
length spreading. Achenes elongate, usually villous; pappus crown of many 
short free or connate bristles.—Drsrrrs. Species about 70, S. Europe, tropical 
and N. Africa, and Asia to Japan. 
l. E. echinatus, DC. in Wight Contrib. 24; Prodr. vi. 526; stem 
branched from the base, branches wide-spreading and leaves beneath white with 
cottony wool, leaves sessile oblong pinnatifid, lobes triangular or oblong sinuate 
and spinescent, involucre surrounded by strong white bristles glabrous scaberu- 
lous villous or cobwebby above, balls 1-14 in. diam. with many stout spines, 
outer invol. bracts 6-8 oblanceolate glabrous pungent one often spinescent, inner 
4 in. long connate tips ciliate, achenes 4 in. long. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 647 ; Wall. 
Cat, 2985; Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb, Fl. 131; Clarke Comp. Ind. 211. ? E. Grif- 
fithianus, Boiss. Diagn. 3, ii. 89; Fl. Orient. iii. 494. 
Upper Gancetic PrAiN, Norru Western H IMALAYA, and the PUNJAB, from Benares 
westward, ascending to 5000 ft. in Sirmore. Benar, Scip, and the DEccAN.— Dis- 
TRIB. Affzhanistan. 
A much branehed spreading rigid annual, 1-2 ft. high, branched from the base. 
Leaves 3-5 in. long; spines often 1j in. Balls of heads white.  Znvolucre 4 in. long, 
inner hardening around the obconie silkily villous achene. 
2. E. cornigerus, DC. Prodr. vi. 525; stem erect simple, branches stout 
and leaves beneath densely cottony, leaves ovate-oblong or oblong pinnatifid or. 
pinnate cobwebby above, segments deeply lobulate, lobules spinescent, balls 24-3 
in. diam. with or without projecting spines, outer invol. bracts narrowly oblan- 
ceolate glabrous surrounded by bristles 1 in. long, inner connate when ripe % in. 
long, achenes villous narrowly obconie i in. long. Clarke Comp. Ind. 211. E. 
coriarius, Clarke l. c. 212. 
Western Himataya; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 6-9000 ft., Royle, &c. 
Western TraxT, alt. 9-13,000 ft., Falconer, Thomson, 
Stem very leafy. Leaves 4-8 in. Balls stoutly peduneled, often without spines, — 
