Echinops. | LXXVIII. composirz. (J. D. Hooker.) 359 
The erect habit and very large balls and involucres distinguish this at once from FE, 
echinatus. 
3. E. niveus, Wall. Cat. 2986; stem erect simple, branches and leaves 
beneath densely cottony, leaves bipinnatifid, segments narrow with long spines 
and revolute spinulose margins, balls 3 in. diam. spines usually included, outer 
invol. bracts oblanceolate spinescent, inner connate when ripe nearly 1 in. long. 
DC. Prodr. vi. 526; Royle Ill. t. 56, f. 1; Clarke Comp. Ind. 212. 
NonrH Western HiwALAYA; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 4-8000 ft. 
The numerous very narrow much divided leaves, which are often reeurved, best 
distinguish this from Æ. cornigerus, 
84. ARCTIUM, Linn. 
Tall coarse erect branched herbs. Leaves alternate or radical, broad, un- 
divided. Heads terminal, sessile, solitary or fascicled, homogamous; fl. all 
similar, 5 , fertile, tubular, purplish, limb cylindric 5-fid. Involucre subglobose ; 
bracts oo -seriate, appressed, tips subulate spreading glochidiate ; receptacle flat, 
densely bristly. Filaments glabrous; anther-bases sagittate; auricles small, 
tails setaceous. Style-arms linear with a basal pencil of hairs, or style pubescent 
below the arms. Achenes oblong, sub-3-quetrous, oc -ribbed, glabrous, shining, 
truncate, base subequal; pappus hairs short, copious, serrulate, deciduous sepa- 
rately.—-DrsrRIB. Species 3 or 4, in temperate Asia and Europe. 
1. A. Lappa, Linn. ; leaves petioled ovate-cordate margins sinuate beneath 
hoary or glabrate, heads subcorymbose glabrous or cottony, invol. bracts subulate 
hooked, achenes angled and ribbed grey mottled with black. Wall. Cat. 2928; 
Clarke Comp. Ind. 212. Lappa major, Gaertn., and minor, Schkuhr; Boiss. Fl. 
Orient. ii. 457. L. tomentosa, Lamk. 
Western Himataya; Kashmir to Simla, alt. 6-8000 ft., Falconer, &c. WESTERN 
Tree, alt. 11—13,000 ft., Thomson, &c.—DisrRIB. Westwards to the Atlantic. 
A tall coarse herb, 2—1 ft. Leaves often 1 ft., usually eottony beneath. Heads 
2-1) in. diam., stontly peduncled; invol. bracts slender, rigid, angled, spreading ; 
corolla and stamens purple, styles white. 
85, COUSINIA, Cass. 
Thistle-like herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed lobed or pinnatisect, spinescent. 
Heads solitary or crowded, rarely corymbose, homogamous ; flowers all similar, 
D (outer rarely neuter), tubular, yellowish white or purple; limb cylindric, 
slender, usually unequal, 5-fid.  Znvolucre globose ovoid or oblong; bracts 
oo-seriate, appressed with long erect spreading or recurved spinous tips, inner 
erect slender scarious; receptacle flat, densely bristly. Filaments glabrous; 
anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails branched or villous, Style-arms 
narrow, short or long. Achenes glabrous, obovate oblong or obpyramidal, 5—<o - 
ribbed, compressed, basal areole straight; pappus hairs l-seriate, slender or 
flattened, simple, free, caducous, rarely 0.—DısrRIB. Species about 120, Central 
and Western Asiatic. 
* Bristles of the receptacle quite smooth. 
1. C. minuta, Boiss. Fl. Orient. iii. 480 ; dwarf, annual, branches spread- 
ing usually decumbent, leaves sessile membranous hoary and cobwebby oblon 
or lanceolate sinuate-pinnatifid sparingly spinescent, heads small terminal an 
in the forks globose, receptacular bristles smooth, invol. bracts 15-20 triangular- 
lanceolate stout spreading and recurved, flowers yellow, achenes obovoid com- 
pressed 5-7-angled truncate with a crenulate ring, angles subcrenate. ©, 
