dE 
Silybum. | LXXVII. composirz. (J. D. Hooker.) É 365 
Puxsas and N. W. Hatz: Peshawur, Hazara, and from Kashmir to Jamu, 
alt. 6-8000 ft.—Disrris. Westwards to N. Africa and Europe. 
Annual or biennial, shining; stem 1-4 ft., grooved, not winged. Leaves large, 
with strong spines. Heads 1-2 in, diam., base intruded ; invol. bracts coriaceous, 
with a spine 4-3 in. long, outermost mucronate; receptacle fleshy, flowers rose- 
purple. Achenes X in., transversely wrinkled, black or gray ; pappus white. 
89. SAUSSUREA, DC. 
Annual, biennial or perennial, glabrous or tomentose herbs of various habit. 
Leaves unarmed, alternate, entire toothed pinnatifid or pinnatisect. Heads 
narrow or broad, sometimes crowded on the dilated top of a simple stem, 
peduncled or sessile, solitary corymbose or panicled, homogamous; flowers 
purple or blueish, all t$ and similar, tube slender, limb narrow 5-fid. Involucre 
ovoid oblong globose or hemispheric ; bracts  -seriate, appressed, not spinescent, 
inner longer narrower; receptacle flat or convex, densely bristly, rarely naked. 
Filaments free, glabrous; anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails usually 
long entire ciliate or woolly. Style-arms linear. Achenes glabrous, oblong, 
4-ribbed, smooth or rugose; top truncate and cupular, or crowned with a 
thickened disk and the persistent base of the style; basal areole straight ; 
pero hairs 1-2-seriate, inner feathery, base thickened and connate into a 
eciduous ring, outer usually of rigid scabrid bristles rarely feathery or 0.— 
Drsrrrs. Species about 60, northern temp. and mountain plant. 
Saussurea finds its maximum development in the Himalaya, and is protean in 
habit, foliage, inflorescence, and all its organs. It presents two very distinct groups, 
of which that designated Hriocoryne is as well deserving of generic recognition as any 
in the Order. For the subordinate divisicns I have been compelled to have recourse 
to characters of habit and foliage. Little dependence can be placed on the size of the 
head, nor on the number, form and texture of the invol. bracts (of which SS. deltoides 
is a most conspicuous example); nor on the absolute length of the recept. bristles, 
though their relative length is a fair guide. The achenes often vary extremely in the 
same species, in length, amount of compression, smoothness or roughness, and in the 
form of the top; and the outer pappus, which is always, when present, caducous, is 
sometimes absent or present in the same species. 
Suseen. I. Eusaussurea. Glabrous, woolly or cottony, rarely villous 
herbs. Stem O or simple or branched above. Heads sessile or peduncled. 
Achenes truncate or crowned with a rim or cup on which the outer pappus, if 
present, is inserted. 
SECT. l. Stem simple, leafy. Heads more or less enclosed in the inflated 
bladdery, membranous, veined uppermost leaves, (See also S. glandulifera.) 
1. S. obvallata, Wall. Cat. (under 2906) ; stem stout simple pubescent 
or glabrate, leaves 4-8 in. glabrous obtuse toothed lower petioled elongate- 
obovate, eauline sessile j-amplexicaul oblong concave, floral cymbiform mem- 
branous enclosing 2-6 sessile or shortly peduncled glabrous heads, invol. bracts 
lanceolate, pappus brown, outer bristles scabrid or 0. Clarke Comp. Ind. 223. 
Carduus obvallatus and C. tectus, Wall. Cat. 2095, 2906. Aplotaxis obvallata, 
DC. Prodr. vi. 541; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 69; Ledeb. Fil. Ross. ii. 673 
( Haplotaxis). 
Western HrMArAYA; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 10—15,000 ft., Blinkworth, 
&ec.—Distrim. Altai Mts. 
Root very thick, crowned with blackened remains of petioles, Ze. Stem 6-18 in., 
as thick as a little finger or less, terminated by the incurved bladdery veined translu- 
cent leaves which form a pale head 3-6 in. diam. Heads L 3 in. diam., hemispheric ; 
invol. bracts tipped and often margined with black ; corolla j in.; anther-tails very 
