414 LXXVIII. composirz. (J. D. Hooker.) C Sonchus. 
ring.— DISTRIB. Species about 24, N. temp. regions and Central Asia, a few 
spread over the world with cultivation, 
1. S. asper, Vill. ; Boiss, Fl. Orient. iii. 796 ; annual, glabrous or sparsely 
glandular above, subumbellately branched, leaves lanceolate $-amplexicaul with 
rounded auricles entire or pinnatifidly toothed, heads crowded, achenes com- 
pressed, faces 3-ribbed obscurely muricate between the ribs, Reichb. Ic. FT. 
Germ. t. 1410; Clarke Comp. Ind. 275. S. ferox, Wall. Cat, 3248. S. oleraceus, 
Wall. Cat, 3252 F. 
Throughout Inp1a; in fields and cultivated places, ascending to 12,000 ft. in the 
Himalaya.—Disrrip. All temperate and many tropical countries, wild or introduced. 
By many considered a subspecies of S. oleraceus. Clarke remarks that in India 
this flowers from December to April, and S. oleraceus from April to May. 
2. S. oleraceus, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient. iii. 795; annual, glabrous or 
sparsely glandular-hispid, subumbellately branehed above, leaves lanceolate 
j-amplexicaul with acute auricles entire or pinnatifid, heads crowded, achenes 
compressed, faces 3-ribbed and murieate between the ribs. Reichb. Ic. F}. Germ, 
t. 1410, f. 1; Clarke Comp. Ind. 275. S. ciliatus, Lamk.; Wight Ic. t. 1141. 
S. Royleanus, Wall. Cat. 3252 ; DC. Prodr. vii, 184. 
Throughout Ixp:4; in fields and cultivated places, ascending to 8000 ft. in the 
Himalaya,—Disrrin. of S. asper. 
3. S. arvensis, Linn.; Boiss, Fl. Orient. ii. 798; rootstock creeping, 
stem glabrous tall umbellately branched above, leaves runcinate-pinnatifid 
spinous-toothed cauline }-amplexicaul with appressed rounded auricles upper- 
most linear, heads and peduncles glandular-hispid, achenes narrow subcom- 
pressed with thick regular ribs on each face. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1412; 
Clarke Comp. Ind. 276, S. Wightianus, DC. Prodr. vii. 187; Wight Ic. t. 
1149. S. orixensis, Rovb, Fl. Ind. ii. 402. S, Wallichiana, DC. l.c. 185. S. 
longifolius, Wall. Cat. 3251. 
Throughout Innia ; wild and in cultivated places, scarce in the plains, common in 
the Khasia and Himalaya, ascending to 8000 ft.—Duisrrin. of S. asper. 
4. S. maritimus, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 707 ; perennial, glabrous, 
glaucous, rootstock creeping, stem sparingly branched above, leaves linear- 
oblong quite entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed, cauline j-amplexicaul with 
acute auricles, heads few peduncled glabrous, achenes ellipsoid subcompressed 
margins thickened faces with a thick middle rib and 2 more slender lateral ones, 
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1413? S. arvensis, 8, Clarke Comp. Ind. 276. 
The Punsas; Peshawur, Stewart.—DisTrRiB. Westwards to the Atlantic. 
118. LAUNZEA, Cass. 
(Microruyncuvus, Less.) 
Perennial glabrous herbs, with yellow (always?) juice. Leaves chiefly 
radical, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, margins often spinulose-toothed. Heads 
peduncled or lateral and sessile on the branches, racemose or paniculate, or 
solitary or fascicled, yellow, homogamous; fl. all ligulate, — Znvolucre campanu- 
late or cylindrie ; bracts co -seriate, herbaceous, margins often membranous, inner 
subequal, outer various, keel often thickened in fruit; receptacle flat, naked. 
Anther-bases sagittate, auricles setaceous. Style-arms slender. Achenes narrow, 
subterete angled or slightly flattened, rarely winged, truncate at both ends or 
rarely emarginate ; ribs 4-5 very stout, close-set, smooth papillose or narrowly 
winged or 2-grooved, truncate at each end; pappus copious, hairs cc -seriate 
