in the upper part, though in the specimens from the 
Kew plant the lobing is not pronounced; the young 
shoots are generally furnished with a more abundant 
soft pubescence, and the petioles as a rule are longer. 
C. rostrata, var. californica, A.DC. (C. californica, Rose), 
closely resembles C. mandshurica in its leaves which are, 
however, less markedly lobed ; moreover, it has glandular- 
hispid young shoots, a shorter involucre and a thicker 
nut-shell, C. mandshurica, var. Fargesii, Burkill, from 
Szechuan, differs from the type in having narrowly ovate 
leaves apparently not cordate at the base. C. Siebul- 
diana, Blume (C. rostrata, var. Sieboldiana, Maxim.), a 
Japanese plant, has a much shorter tube to the involucre 
and differs also in leaf characters. 
C. mandshurica is common in mountainous districts in 
Eastern Manchuria, and forms dense thickets in shady 
and dry woods. It was first collected by Maximowicz 
near to the Amur River in 1855. It is also recorded 
from Corea, from the provinces of Shingking and Chihli 
in Northern China, and from Yesso and N ippon in 
Japan. Its introduction to Kew dates from 1882 when 
nuts were received from the late Dr. E. Bretschneider ; 
ten years later the plant was received from Prof. Sargent 
of the Arnold Arboretum, and again in 1906. The 
material for the figure was furnished by one of the plants 
raised at Kew from the seed received from Dr. Bret- 
schneider. It is a bush about five fect high and is 
certainly very hardy. Though it has occasionally pro- 
duced nuts it did not bear its remarkable fruits in great 
quantity until 1912. That year, owing, it is assumed, to 
the great heat of the summer of 1911, and the consequent 
thorough ripening of the wood, it bore an abundant crop. 
It thrives in loamy soil and can be increased by layers. 
fe en, attaining a height of 15 ft. in 
be wild state, young twigs puberulous or sparingly 
airy, at length becoming glabrous. Leaves suborbicular, 
elliptic or ovate, 23-6 in. long, usually 3-4 in. wide, 
irregularly double-serrate, apex acuminate to almost 
3 often more or less deeply incised-lobed beyond 
. middle, base slightly cordate, sparingly pubescent 
Move, Sometimes rather densely softly pubescent, especi- 
