1901] Fernald,—“ Fall Dandelions” of North America 293 
secured ample supplies of the A/Z:zeconium and of the Dichothrix 
when first seen, without any idea that they were novelties; but a 
search for additional Folysiphonia, the day after the discovery, was 
unavailing ; nearly everything else ever found on Zostera on the Maine 
coast was abundant, but not a trace of the desired species. The 
locality where yesterday hundreds of specimens could have been 
gathered without moving the boat, was no longer to be found. 
MALDEN, MASSACHUSETTS. 
THE “FALL DANDELIONS” OF NORTH AMERICA. 
M. L. FERNALD. 
The common fall dandelion of the eastern United States and 
Canada, the “arnica” of the Maine coast, Leontodon autumnalis, was 
apparently first recorded as an established plant in the United States 
in 1863 when, in the 4th edition of the Manual, Dr. Gray recorded 
it as “common in E. New England." ‘The plant had been collected, 
however, by Cormack in Newfoundland in 1822 and there is also a 
specimen in the Gray Herbarium collected by Oakes (who died in 
1848) in “shade” at Ipswich, Massachusetts. A specimen collected 
by Dr. Gray in 1848 is marked "spontaneous about Cambridge." 
From that time the plant has spread rapidly by roadsides and in 
fields throughout New England and: eastern Canada, and it is now 
known westward to Ontario and Michigan, and south into Penn- 
sylvania. A large form of the plant with very pubescent or even 
lanate involucres has been known to New England botanists for 
some years. ‘This plant which cannot be separated specifically from 
the usually smoother Z. autumnalis is the variety pratensis of Koch 
(Apargia pratensis, Link). 
Leontodon autumnalis ordinarily has a more or less branching scape, 
the heads before anthesis are ascending, and the pappus consists of 
a single series of plumose bristles. ‘Two other plants of another 
subgenus have been found occasionally on ballast about New York, 
Philadelphia, etc. ‘These are Z. fertus, L. and L. hispidus, L. From 
L. autumnailis they are quickly distinguished by the simple naked 
scapes, the heads before anthesis nodding, and two rows of pappus. 
L. hirtus has recently been reported from an inland station in Penn- 
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