1907] - On the Vienna Rules of Nomenclature 37 
III. Orders are designated preferably by the name of one of their principal 
families, with the ending -ales. Suborders are designated in a similar manner, 
with the ending -ineae. But other terminations may be retained for these 
names, provided that they do not lead to confusion or error. 
Examples of names of orders: Polygonales (from Polygonaceae), Urticales 
(from Urticaceae), Glumiflorae, Centrospermae, Parietales, Tubiflorae, Micro- 
spermae, Contortae. Examples of names of suborders: Bromeliineae (from 
romeliaceae), Malvineae (from Malvaceae), Tricoccae, Enantioblastae. 
§ 2. Names of families and subjamilies, tribes and subtribes. 
Art. 21. Families (familiae) are designated by the name of one 
of their genera or ancient generic names with the ending -aceae. 
Examples: Rosaceae (from Rosa), Salicaceae (from Salix), Caryophyllaceae 
(from Dianthus Caryophyllus), etc. 
Art. 22. The following names, owing to long usage, are an excep- 
tion to the rule: Palmae, Gramineae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Gutti- 
jerae, Umbelliferae, Labiatae, Compositae. 
Art. 23. Names of subfamilies (subjamiliae) are taken from the 
name of one of the genera in the group, with the ending -oideae. ‘The 
same holds for the tribes (tribus) with the ending -eae, and for the 
subtribes (subtribus) with the ending -inae. 
Examples of subfamilies: Asphodeloideae (from Asphodelus), Rumicoideae 
(from Rumex); tribes: Asclemadeae (from Asclepias), Phyllantheae (from 
Phyllanthus); subtribes: Metastelmatinae (from Metastelma), Madiinae 
(from Madia). 
§ 3. Names of genera and divisions of genera. 
Art. 24. Genera receive names, substantives (or adjectives used 
as substantives) in the singular number and written with a capital 
letter, which may be compared with our own family names. These 
names may be taken from any source whatever and may even be 
composed in an absolutely arbitrary manner. 
Examples: Rosa, Convolvulus, Hedysarum, Bartramia, Liquidambar, 
Gloriosa, Impatiens, Manihot. 
Art. 25. Subgenera and sections also receive names, usually sub- 
stantives and resembling the names of genera. Names of subsections 
and other lower subdivisions of genera are preferably adjectives in 
the plural number and written with a capital letter, or their place 
may be taken by an ordinal number or a letter. 
Examples. — Substantives: Frazxinaster, T'rifoliastrum, Adenoscilla, Euher- 
mannia, Archieracium, Micromelilotus, Pseudinga, Heterodraba, Gymnocimum, 
Neoplantago, Stachyotypus. Adjectives: Pleiostylae, Fimbriati, Bibracteolata, 
Pachycladae. 
Li 
