1911] Fernald,— Northern Variety of Gaylussacia dumosa 95 
unevennesses. For ordinary work a Gillott 303 pen and for light 
lines (representing silky pubescence for instance) a Gillott 290 will 
be found about the right size. For the beginner outline drawings 
alone may suffice. Shading should be put in first with pencil until 
the desired effect is produced, the object being placed in such position 
as to make the shadows show the form to best advantage. When the 
surface permits of its use, stippling is the easiest way of shading. The 
pencil lines are erased from the finished drawing by a soft rubber, 
such as ““Erasit” or ““Artgum.” One soon learns to take advantage 
of veining, scabridity, pubescence, etc., in expressing form and texture. 
Ideas may be gained by carefully studying the successful representa- 
tion of particularly difficult subjects, as for instance, the heads of 
Antennaria and the Xanthium burs in Gray’s Manual, 7th edition. 
I know of nothing more difficult to represent naturally in pen and 
ink than white pubescence or pappus, and spines, awns or hairs stand- 
ing straight out. If such drawings are studied through a magnifying 
glass a better idea of the workmanship is obtained. The illustrations 
of the willows are good examples of stippling and pubescence used for 
shading. It is not meant to suggest that one should imitate these 
drawings but should study them to gain ideas only. If one is able 
to bestow any art on his drawing so much the better but it is the 
truthful, even if crude, illustration that is of value. In whatever 
tongue a description is published an accurate illustration speaks in 
every language, and drawing is well worth cultivating as a method 
of expressing the truth as we see it. 
Burrau or PLant INpustry, Washington, D. C. 
THE NORTHERN VARIETY OF GAYLUSSACIA DUMOSA. 
M. L. FERNALD. 
In June, 1910, Professor Wiegand and the present writer, in dis- 
cussing a typical sphagnum bog of the coast of eastern Maine, said: 
‘*Practically all the vascular plants of this Quoddy Head heath 
were such as one would expect above tree-line on Mt. Katahdin or 
Mt. Washington or in the subarctic tundra of Labrador — Scirpus 
caespitosus L., Carex pauciflora Lightf., Comandra livida Richardson, 
Rubus Chamaemorus L., Empetrum nigrum L., Vaccinium pennsyl- 
