136 Rhodora [Juny 
anus, and Rynchospora fusca of our southern coasts are mingled with 
arctic-alpine species. These two elements, the arctic-alpine and the 
southern coastal types are, then, abundant; but when we look for 
the commonest plants which abound in all the forested area west of 
Newfoundland, from eastern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova 
Scotia to the Great Lakes, i. e. the typical Canadian species, we find 
them singularly few in number. 
‘These facts become more vivid when we map the known distribu- 
tion in eastern America of the species which make up the native flora 
of Newfoundland. So far as we yet know, the indigenous species 
and recognized varieties on the island number 783, while there are 
about 200 species clearly introduced by man. The indigenous plants 
when traced throughout their known continental ranges fall into four 
primary classes distinguished from their geographic position (in rela- 
tion to Newfoundland) as: 
Class I. Boreal Types. 
Class II. Western or Canadian Types not included in I. 
Class III. Southwestern Types. 
Class IV. Endemic Plants or Species unknown on the American 
Continent. 
These major floras may be further defined and subdivided as follows: 
CLASS I. BOREAL TYPES. Here are included all species 
which occur to the north of Newfoundland: in Labrador proper, 
Baffin Land, Ellesmere Land or Greenland or in the arctic-alpine 
regions farther west. In their detailed distribution these plants fall 
into four subclasses which together include 466 species = 59% per cent 
of the Newfoundland flora. 
SUBCLASS A. ARCTIC-ALPINE SPECIES COMMON TO NEWFOUNDLAND, 
LABRADOR, AND EASTERN CANADA (the Gaspé Peninsula or the more 
exposed portions of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). 216 species 
= 273 per cent of the Newfoundland flora. 
This large group includes such familiar plants of our higher Canadian 
or New England mountains as Lycopodium Selago, Phleum alpinum, 
Calamagrostis hyperborea, Poa alpina, Scirpus caespilosus, Carex rari- 
flora, Juncus trifidus, Tofieldia palustris, Salix Uva-ursi, Betula glandu- 
losa, Arenaria arctica, Lychnis alpina, Thalictrum alpinum, Dryas 
integrifolia, Empetrum nigrum, Rhododendron lapponicum, Phyllodoce 
caerulea, Arctostaphylos alpina, Diapensia lapponica, and Pinguicula 
vulgaris; and their range in America is fairly typified by the Mountain 
Cranberry (Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, var. minus) which is common from 
