1911] Fernald,— Expedition to Newfoundland 137 
Newfoundland and the North Shore of the St. Lawrence northward, 
but south of the lower St. Lawrence is restricted to the more exposed 
mountains, high hills, rock-coasts and cold bogs. The range of this 
plant in eastern America is shown in plate 88, fig. 5.1 
SupcLAss B. ARCTIC-ALPINE SPECIES COMMON TO NEWFOUNDLAND 
AND LABRADOR (OR GREENLAND) BUT UNKNOWN IN EASTERN CANADA 
or New ENGLAND. 16 species = 2 per cent of the Newfoundland 
flora. 
This subelass includes widely distributed polar species all of which 
are likely to be found on Anticosti or the Gaspé Peninsula: such plants 
as Hordeum boreale, Kobresia caricina, Carex pedata, Juncus triglumis, 
Capsella elliptica C. A. Meyer, Cochlearia anglica, Potentilla maculata, 
and Antennaria alpina, var. cana. 
SUBCLASS C. ARCTIC-ALPINE SPECIES KNOWN IN VARIOUS SECTIONS 
OF NORTHERN CANADA OR ALASKA BUT AS YET UNKNOWN IN LABRADOR 
PROPER. 16 species = 2 per cent of the Newfoundland flora. 
These are mostly plants confined to the highly magnesian rocks 
(serpentine, etc.), areas which because of their extreme sterility are 
rarely visited by those who are looking for plants. The magnesian 
areas of Labrador, when explored, will doubtless yield these plants: 
such species and varieties as Adiantum pedatum, var. aleuticum, Dan- 
thonia intermedia and Festuca scabrella. 
SuacLAss D. HupsoNIaAN OR CANADIAN PLANTS COMMON TO 
NEWFOUNDLAND, SOUTHERN OR FORESTED LABRADOR, AND EASTERN 
CANADA. 218 species = 27% per cent of the Newfoundland flora. 
It is naturally difficult to draw a definite line between the Arctic- 
alpine and the Hudsonian plants on the one hand and the Hudsonian 
and Canadian on the other, for in such regions as Newfoundland and 
eastern Canada these groups mingle in the most perplexing fashion. 
The plants of Subclass D are probably chiefly Hudsonian for they extend 
across the Labrador Peninsula to the Atlantic coast or the Straits of 
Belle Isle, but this subclass contains a number of species, already 
enumerated on p. 125, which are ordinarily of more southern range and 
belong more properly to the Canadian or even the Alleghanian flora. 
The significant point for the present study is the fact that these 
218 plants of Subclass D occur north of Newfoundland, in Labra- 
dor. Thislarge group includes, besides the species listed on p. 125, such 
very familiar species as Cryptagramma Stelleri, Dryopleris Filix-mas, 
Lycopodium complanatum (true), Larix laricina, Picea canadensis, P. 
1 The maps here reproduced show the broad range of the species but do not attempt 
to indicate exact stations. 
