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1911] Fernald,— Expedition to Newfoundland 139 
plants found chiefly in regions to the southwest of Newfoundland and 
may be divided into two subclasses. 
SUBCLASS A. CANADIAN AND ALLEGHANIAN PLANTS COMMON TO 
NEWFOUNDLAND, Nova Scotia, New BRUNSWICK, AND COASTWISE 
NEW ENGLAND BUT UNKNOWN IN EASTERNMOST QUEBEC OR LABRADOR. 
214 species = 27} per cent of the Newfoundland flora. 
It is not possible in our northeastern regions to distinguish sharply 
between the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many plants such 
as Onoclea sensibilis, Osmunda cinnamomea, Pinus Strobus, Cypripedium 
acaule, Salix humilis, Spiraea latifolia, Acer rubrum, Aralia hispida, 
Pyrola americana, Epigaea repens, Lysimachia terrestris, and Solidago 
rugosa abound in both regions and very often encroach upon the 
Carolinian area. In placing species in Subclass A no distinction has 
been made between Canadian and Alleghanian; but the significant 
point in regard to this large group is that its species occur in 
the North Atlantic States, Nova Scotia, and often New Bruns- 
wick, are rare or unknown on the Gaspé Peninsula or Anti- 
costi, and reach their northeastern limit on the continent in 
western Saguenay County, Quebec, 400-500 miles west of the 
Straits of Belle Isle. 
Besides the species just enumerated this group contains such very 
familiar plants as Dryopteris cristata, Lycopodium complanatum, var. 
flabelliforme, Pinus resinosa, Panicum boreale, Oryzopsis asperifolia, 
ilyceria canadensis, Elymus virginicus, Scirpus georgianus, Rynchospora 
fusca, Carex vulpinoidea, Juncus effusus, var. Pylaei, J. canadensis, 
Trillium cernuum, Calopogon pulchellus, Pogonia ophioglossoides, 
Arethusa bulbosa, Salix discolor, Polygonum sagittatum, Pyrus melano- 
carpa, Rosa virginiana, Ilex verticillata, Oenothera pumila, Cicuta bulbi- 
fera, Gaultheria procumbens, Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium macro- 
carpon, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Lycopus uniflorus, Viburnum 
cassinoides, Lobelia Dortmanna, Eupatorium purpureum, var. maculatum, 
Aster nemoralis, A. umbellatus, and Antennaria neodioica. As good 
representatives as any of the distribution of Subclass A are the familiar 
bog orchid, Calopogon pulchellus, the range of which is shown in plate 
89, fig. 7, and the Red or Norway Pine, Pinus resinosa, the range 
shown in plate 89, fig. 8. 
SuscLAass B. CAROLINIAN PLANTS COMMON TO NEWFOUNDLAND, 
Nova Scota, CAPE COD AND ADJACENT ISLANDS, LONG ISLAND, 
OR COASTAL AND SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY, BUT RARE OR UNKNOWN 
INLAND OR IN CONTINENTAL EASTERN CANADA. 60 species = 7 
per cent of the Newfoundland flora. 
See Ruopora, xii. 92 (1910). 
