222 Rhodora [NOVEMBER 
material in the Lindenberg herbarium and pronounced it identical with 
Jungermannia Starkii Nees. Those who use the second name may 
well base their choice on the statements of Spruce,! who examined 
Smith's original specimens, collected *on heaths, near Holt, Nov. 
1798," by Rev. Mr. Francis, and found that they too were identical 
with J. Starkii. Those who use the third name maintain that both 
byssacea and divaricata have been used in so many different senses 
that the names no longer have definite meanings. The adherents 
of the first two names, according to the principles of priority, seem to 
have more in their favor. Unfortunately both J. byssacea and J. 
divaricata were published in the same year, 1800, so that the employ- 
ment of either must rest on a purely arbitrary choice. In selecting 
byssacea rather than divaricata the writer merely follows the example 
of Warnstorf and Macvicar. 
In its restricted sense C. byssacea is characterized by a dioicous 
inflorescence, by entire leaf-lobes, by more or less distinct underleaves, 
and by sharply toothed bracts and bracteoles. The older writers, 
however, including Spruce, understood the species in a much broader 
sense, including under it C. Hampeana, C. bifida, C. papillosa, and 
probably other species which are now considered distinct. The older 
records of C. byssacea (and C. divaricata), therefore, should not be 
accepted without re-examination. 
10. CEPHALOZIELLA PAPILLOSA (Douin) Schiffn. Oesterr. Bot. 
Zeitschr. 65: (5). 1905. Cephalozia asperifolia C. Jens. Meddel. 
om Grønland 15: 372. f. 1-5. 1898. C. divaricata, var. scabra M. 
A. Howe, Mem. Torrey Club 7: 129. 1899. C. papillosa Douin 
Rev. Bryol. 28: 72. 1901. Cephaloziella Douinii Schiffn.; Douin, 
l. c. (in obs). Cephalozia asprella Steph. Bull. de l'Herb. Boissier 
II. 8: 507. 1908. Cephaloziella byssacea, var. asperifolia Macv. 
Student's Handb. British Hepatics 275. 1912. On rocks. Melrose, 
Massachusetts (C. C. Kingman). Meriden, Connecticut (Miss 
Lorenz). New to New England. Widely distributed in Europe 
and North America. 'The present species, although striking in 
appearance when typical, is very closely related to C. byssacea. 
It is characterized by its rough leaves, the roughness being due 
to small cuticular papillae or to larger outgrowths composed of one 
or more projecting cells. Oftentimes the margins of the lobes are 
more or less dentate or even spinose-dentate at the base. Unfortu- 
t Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 4: 112. 1849. 
