1915] Farwell,— The Hemlock Spruce 167 
a species the privilege of choosing the specific name under certain con- 
ditions — Article 46 which, by inference, covers the division of species 
as well as the combination of them. Pinus canadensis Linn. is an aggre- 
gate without a designated type consisting of the White Spruce and the 
Hemlock Spruce. In transferring from Pinus to Abies Miller sepa- 
rated the two elements retaining the specific name and diagnosis for 
the White Spruce (the synonym of Miller) and giving a new name 
Abies americana to the Hemlock (the synonym of Gronovius). It is, 
therefore, very evident that Miller not only knew what he was about 
but that he intended to transfer the species and that the name was not 
misapplied since he used it in the sense that Linnaeus did — “ cana- 
densis" being indicative of the White Spruce, as Balsamea is of the 
Balsam Fir. Under the above mentioned Article this choice cannot 
be changed. As above shown Rehder completely fails to prove that 
the specific name “canadensis” was misapplied by Miller; he admits 
that Abies canadensis is the White Spruce; yet refers the Pinus 
canadensis, a synonym, to the Hemlock Spruce; the fallacy of Rehder’s 
argument is very apparent. 
The whole discussion revolves about the determination of a type 
for Pinus canadensis Linnaeus. If it can be shown that Linnaeus 
actually had the Hemlock Spruce in view for his P. canadensis it must 
be considered the type and in this case it must be admitted that Miller 
has misapplied the name. But did he? Will Mr. Rehder admit that 
Miller had the Hemlock in view for his A. canadensis because he used 
the Linnaean diagnosis which “was taken almost literally from the 
synonym of Gronovius?" Certainly not! Nor any one else! Then 
why for P. canadensis? In the first edition of the Species Plantarum 
Linnaeus placed two Hemlock synonyms under P. Balsamea; in the 
second edition he admitted another species, P. canadensis, to include 
the White Spruce and one of the synonyms (the more recent) of the 
Hemlock Spruce leaving the other (the older) where originally placed, 
under P. Balsamea. When Linnaeus used these synonyms he gave 
them the status of post-Linnaean publications and the older of 
these in point of actual publication, that of Plukenet, must therefore, 
under the law of priority, be considered to be the type of the Hemlock 
Spruce. "This did not receive a binomial name until Miller named it 
Abies americana. But what was the incident that induced Linnaeus 
between 1753 and 1763 to establish a new species in this group of 
plants? Was it from anything Plukenet or Gronovius had written 
‘ 
