1917] Fernald,— Circaea canadensis and C. intermedia 87 
C. lutetiana, B. canadensis! is not clear for he made no reference to. 
earlier publications; but since Hill’s definite use of the name was appar- 
ently the first post-Linnean use of it as a specific name there is no 
reason why it should not stand, regardless of what the pre-Linnean 
plant and the Linnean variety, to which Hill did not refer, may have 
been. 
In studying the genus Circaea in eastern America the writer has 
found the characters separating our species much more definite than 
are generally ascribed to them, and it may be of use to others to have 
the following synopsis: 
A. Stem firm, 0.2-1 m. high: leaves dark-green above, rather firm, oblong- 
ovate, shallowly undulate-dentate, rounded or merely subcordate at 
base, on subterete petioles: leading racemes becoming 0.7-2.5 dm. 
long in fruit: mature pedicels strongly reflexed: calyx-lobes 1.8-2.6 
mm. broad: disk cup-like, prolonged about 0.5 mm. above the perianth: 
anthers 0.7-1 mm. long: stigma subcapitate, shallowly 2-lobed: mature 
fruit compressed-pyriform, with 3-5 corrugations on each face, includ- 
ing the strong hooked bristles 3.5-5 mm. thick..... 1. C. latifolia. 
A. Stems rather weak and succulent, 0.4-4.5 dm. high: leaves pale-green, 
flaccid, ovate, coarsely sharp-dentate, cordate or subcordate (rarely 
only rounded) at base, on channeled or margined petioles: leading 
racemes becoming 0.15-1 dm. long in fruit: mature pedicels spreading 
or only slightly reflexed: calyx-lobes 0.8-1.7 mm. broad: disk incon- 
spicuous, rarely at all prolonged: anthers 0.2-0.8 mm. long: stigma 
deeply cleft: mature fruit club-shaped to slender-pyriform, not corru- 
gated, including the soft hairs 1-3 mm. thick. | 
B. Root-stock slender, scarcely tuberous-thickened: calyx-lobes 1.2-1.7 
mm. broad: petals 2.3-3.5 mm. long: anthers 0.5-0.8 mm. long: 
fruit unequally 2-celled, including the long trichomes 1.5-3 mm. 
Aoo Oss e ater ree 2. C. canadensis. 
B. Root-stock tuberous-thickened: calyx-lobes 0.8-1.2 mm. broad: 
etals 1.2-2.5 (rarely 3) mm. long: anthers 0.2-0.3 mm. long: 
ruit 1-celled, including the very short trichomes 1-1.5 mm. thick. 
3. C. alpina. 
C. LATIFOLIA Hill, Brit. Herb. 138 (1756); Fernald, RHODORA, xvii. 
223 (1915). C. lutetiana of American authors, not L. C. lutetiana, 
var. canadensis of early American authors, perhaps of L.. C. lutetiana, 
var. quadrisuleata Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 106 (1859). C. quadrisul- 
cata (Maxim.) Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 169 (1875). 
Rich, chiefly deciduous, woods, thickets and ravines, St. John valley, 
southwestern New Brunswick, and central Maine to Minnesota, 
south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Oklahoma; also eastern Asia. 
C. CANADENSIS Hill, Veg. Syst. x. t. 21, fig. 2 (1765). C. intermedia 
Ehrh. Beitr. iv. 42 (1789). Rich low woods, oftenest in alluvium, 
Bonaventure County to Lake St. John, Quebec, south to Nova 
Scotia, Cumberland County, Maine, Cheshire County, New Hamp- 
shire, and Berkshire County, Massachusetts; also in Europe. 
tL. Sp. PLi. 9 (1753). 
