1918] Tidestrom,— Tsuga canadensis 187 
and insist that Linnaeus obtained the specific name ‘ canadensis’ from 
the writings of Gronovius on Virginia and the Hemlock Spruce? The 
entire internal evidence shows conclusively that Linnaeus had the 
White Newfoundland Spruce in mind when he published Pinus 
canadensis notwithstanding he drew up his diagnosis from Gronovius, 
which, under the circumstances, was unfortunate. The proper 
specific name, therefore, for the Hemlock Spruce is the one first 
applied to it, that of americana, and the correct binomial, Tsuga 
americana (Miller) Farwell.” (Ruopora 17: 168.) 
In establishing Pinus canadensis, Linnaeus left under P. balsamea 
the synonyms of Plukenet and Ray probably because he was uncer- 
tain about them. The synonym of Gronovius, however, he places 
under P. canadensis. Why? 
That Linnaeus meant that his P. canadensis should stand for a 
Spruce as we understand this genus is out of the question. This is 
readily seen from his description of the European spruce (Pinus abies 
L.) “Pinus foliis solitariis subulatis mucronatis laevibus bifariam 
versis.” ete. (Sp. Pl. 1421. 1763.) when compared with the descrip- 
tive phrase for Pinus canadensis. “Pinus solitariis linearibus ob- 
tusiusculis submembranceis”’ ete. 
The last word excludes the Spruce theory. I question very much 
if Linnaeus really knew anything about Miller’s species except through 
the brief description and figure. Miller published his work in 1759 
and it is altogether unlikely that Linnaeus could have become ac- 
quainted with the tree itself or had any notion about it except through 
the description. 
That Linnaeus should have taken up the Gronovian synonym and 
put it where he did, Mr. Farwell considers “unfortunate.” 
Linnaeus separated from the concept of Pinus balsamea an element 
which had not been quite clear to him for a number of years but 
which he evidently thought belonged somewhere else. 
Under the “Gronovian description of Abies foliis solitariis ete. 
(Pinus canadensis), the following statement is made. 
“Folia linearia, plana, tenuissima, carinata, obtuse, confertim mata, 
solitaria. Coni magnitudine Fragae, ovati, acuminata, squamis numero- 
sis planis subrotundis obtusissimis.” (Fl. Virg. 191.) In the second 
edition of the Flora Virginica the vernacular name Hemlock Spruce- 
- Firr is added. 
Mr. Farwell states that Clayton’s no. 547 is the basis for the de- 
scription Abies foliis solitariis. .. .Gron. F]. Virg. 191. 
