1919] Fernald,— Ranges of Pinus and Thuja 55 
river-valleys where Pleistocene clays have been deposited; but 
“Upon the higher grounds . . . we meet with different soils, and in 
many cases poorer farms. . . . Upon the Middle Carboniferous of 
Kent and portions of Westmoreland counties, . . . the surface is flat 
and the drainage deficient; hence the soils are cold, boggy, and in 
many places covered with a stratum of white or gray bleached sand. 
. . . Upon the rolling surfaces, however, there are, as already stated, 
fair arable soils, though deficient in lime. . . . In Cumberland County, 
Nova Scotia, above the limits of the post-glacial subsidence, we meet 
with soils and rocks differing somewhat from those of the Middle 
Carboniferous just described. Here the prevailing surface beds are 
reddish in color, . . . here, as in New Brunswick, there is a deficiency 
of lime in the soil" (Chalmers, n. s. vii. 136-138M). With this 
extensive region " deficient in lime" extending from calcareous north- 
em New Brunswick into Nova Scotia, it is only natural that Thuja 
should be practically absent! from the latter province. The failure 
of Thuja to reach Newfoundland is evidently due to the fact that the 
plants which reached Newfoundland from the southwest were forced 
to migrate on the siliceous Tertiary continental shelf which formerly 
connected the North American continent with Newfoundland. This 
point has already been sufficiently discussed elsewhere.? 
On Prince Edward Island Thuja occidentalis is, as Hutchinson says, 
unknown from the eastern half of the island, but it is frequent and 
often abundant from slightly east of Badeque Bay northwestward, 
the half of the island where “calcareous conglomerate, the pebbles 
being of red shale, and containing white calcite in considerable quan- 
tity, form a feature which can be easily recognized" (Ells, Rep. for 
1882-83-84, 13E). 
Throughout the glaciated regions of New Brunswick and Maine, 
for many miles south of the region of calcareous rocks but where the 
soils are chiefly drift material or glacial till from the north, Thuja 
occidentalis is frequent or often abundant, and on the lower levels of 
1 By the statements of Bell, Fernow, and Hutchinson Thuja is said to be absent from Nova 
Scotia; but there is good evidence that it occurs, although very rarely and only as an unsuc- 
cessful swamp shrub, near the New Brunswick border. Thus in Lindsay’s Catalogue of the 
Flora of Nova Scotia (Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci. iv. pt. 2, 209) it is recorded from Cumberland, 
the county immediately adjoining New Brunswick; and Professor H. G. Perry of Acadia 
University assures me that, although very rare and obviously not at home, Thuja has been 
observed by him in swamps of west-central Nova Scotia. 
2 Fernald, Ruopora, xiii. 161 (1911) and Am. Journ. Bot. v. 238 (1918). 
