90 Rhodora [May 
Latin in others (witness pages 229-236, immediately preceding his 
discussion of Batidaea), it is not to be expected that he would write 
“there occur several excellent subspecies to be distinguished. Those 
proposed below are western” unless he intended them as subspecies, 
not species. The latest treatment of the American Red Raspberries 
is by Rydberg in the North American Flora (xxii. pt. 5) where he 
restores the plants to Rubus and recognizes in North America eleven 
species. 
Thus it will appear that the student of the flora of North America 
is left somewhat perplexed. as to the status of our Red Raspberries; 
and, with no desire to add to the perplexity but rather to present 
certain new evidence and the result of a study of the group at intervals 
during several years, the following treatment of the plants, especially 
of eastern America, is presented. 
The commoner raspberries of North America and of eastern Asia 
are distinguished from the European Rubus idaeus by their strong 
tendency to bear stipitate glands on the pedicels, peduncles, new 
canes, and often on other regions of the plant, as the calyx or petioles, 
and by bearing bristle-like prickles; the true R. ?daeus quite lacking 
both the glands and the bristles, but often having on the pedicels, 
new canes, etc., strong broad-based prickles somewhat as in our R. 
occidentalis, from which species it is at once distinguished by its more 
racemose inflorescence, red berries, erect canes, and pinnate leaves 
on the new canes. 
R. idaeus (typical) is commonly cultivated and frequently spreads 
to roadsides in the neighborhood of gardens, but by neither Focke 
nor Rydberg is it admitted as more than an introduced plant in North 
America; although by Focke a close ally, glandless and bristleless 
and differing from Eurasian R. idaeus only in the more abundant dark 
prickles of the calyx, etc., and a slight tendency to less pubescent 
branches, is set off as R. idaeus, subsp. melanotrachys, from northwest- 
ern America and by Rydberg is maintained as a distinct species. In 
the Northwest also is another variant which is quite glandless and 
bristleless but with the characteristic prickles of R. idaeus; though 
this plant, from Spokane, Washington, has the leaves quite glabrate 
and green on both surfaces, thus strongly suggesting Focke's descrip- 
tion of R. idaeus, var. denudatus Schimp. & Spenn.: “glabriusculus; 
foliola subtus viridia." ! Other specimens from Spokane (Piper's 
1 Focke, l. c. 208. 
