1919] Fernald,— Rubus idaeus and Variations 93 
prickles is by no means a constant characteristic of the glandular and 
bristly American and eastern Asiatic series, and that species erected 
upon these characters alone cannot be long maintained. As geo- 
graphic varieties such plants have some strength and their true 
relationship is, it seems to the writer, best so expressed. 
The commonest plants of eastern America lack the strong prickles 
but have slender bristles and glands upon the new growth and about 
the inflorescence. There are two common varieties and others of 
local occurrence. In the plant which is commonly interpreted as 
Michaux’s R. strigosus, the first of the American Red Raspberries to be 
distinguished, the bristles are ordinarily rather scattered or few or 
sometimes quite wanting on the canes which have the cortex glabrous 
or merely glaucous, often becoming lustrous in age. This shrub is 
abundant especially in the East, but it extends from Newfoundland 
to British Columbia, south to Virginia, the Great Lake states, and 
Wyoming. Specimens from Japan, especially from the island of 
Yezo, are quite inseparable from the American R. strigosus in all 
details and probably represent R. Matsumuranus Léveillé & Vaniot.! 
The other common variety differs from var. strigosus in having the 
new canes closely pubescent and copiously bristly, the grayish pu- 
bescence among the numerous bristles giving the canes a peculiar 
fuscous or dusty aspect. This seems to be the plant which Richard- 
son called R. idaeus 8. canadensis, from west of Hudson Bay and 
described as having the “canes fuscous, with crowded small rigid 
setae." ? Var. canadensis occurs from Labrador to Alaska, south to 
North Carolina, Michigan, South Dakota, and Colorado; and material 
from Sachalin Island, northwest of Japan, seems quite inseparable 
from many sheets of North American var. canadensis. The Sachalin 
Island plant is apparently R. sachalinensis Léveillé in Fedde, Repert. 
vi. 332 (1909), taken up by Focke as R. idaeus, subsp. sachalinensis 
and said to have “Folia omnia ternata .. . fructus exsuccus."? But 
the North American specimens of R. idaeus, var. canadensis, show only 
ternate leaves on the fruiting canes and very often ternate leaves on 
the new canes. Furthermore, in view of the scanty material from 
Sachalin Island and the fact that in defining the plant Focke found it 
necessary to quote the original description rather than draw up a 
1 Léveillé & Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. xx. 135 (1909). 
2 Richardson, Appendix, 2d ed. in Frankl. Journey, ed. 1, 747 (1823), 
3 Focke, Sp. Rub. 209, 210 (1911). 
