130 Rhodora [AvGusT 
tratum, while in more open places there may be found in addition seed- 
lings of Pyrus sitchensis, Acer spicatum and A. rubrum. In drier parts 
of the woods the undergrowth sometimes consists exclusively of Ar- 
alia nudicaulis and Vaccinium canadense. At intervals one findi an 
enormous boulder with two or three young fir trees and a cherry or 
mountain maple growing precariously on its summit, and its slopes 
heavily hung with Polypodium vulgare and Ribes prostratum. At in- 
tervals also one comes to an open space thickly carpeted with Taxus 
canadensis. Along the trails or where the windfall of a giant birch 
has cut an open lane there grow a few kinds of forest ferns and flowers, 
such as bunchberry, star-flower, goldthread, wood sorrel, Clintonia, 
violets, twinflower, Pyrola secunda, two-leaved Solomon's seal, and the 
hay-scented and wood ferns. The most abundant is the twinflower, 
which throws a green drapery over decaying stumps and low rocks, 
and blossoms from June to September. Upon the points of the is- 
land, and in the neighborhood of the shore the fir of the woods is re- 
placed by or mixed with red and white spruce and arbor vitae, and 
the undergrowth presents a larger variety. 
There are two groups of tall white pines upon the highest ground of 
the island, and both gray and red pine are numerous near the shore. 
The gray or Jack pine (Pinus Banksiana) is a picturesque feature 
of many of the islands of Attean, growing on the shore generally in 
groups and often very near the low water line. "These trees seem to 
have a preference for the western or weather end of the islands, and 
are twisted by the winter storms into one-sided and fantastic shapes, 
thus presenting an appearance quite different from the columnar 
Norways with which they are commonly associated. The habit of 
growth of the two kinds of pine is also different, the individual Nor- 
ways standing generally well-spaced from each other, while the Jacks 
are huddled in clusters together. On the Attean islands the Jack 
pines are nearly as tall as the Norways, growing on Birch Island four- 
teen to sixteen inches in diameter breast-high, and when not crippled 
in their upper limbs to a height of from fifty to sixty feet. The Jack 
pine is abundant enough to constitute a noticeable feature of the 
landscape on the shores of Holeb Pond, which lies in Holeb township, 
west of Attean. I am told by woodsmen that in Township No. 4, 
southeast from Attean, there is a large tract of the Jack pine, lying 
a mile or so from Moose River—about five hundred acres of predom- 
inating Jack pine with some mixture of Norway. Since the Jack is 
