8 TURDIDA. 
When staying at Duefias in the autumn of 1873, Salvin’s Indian hunters occasionally 
brought specimens from the forests of the slopes of the Volcan de Agua, above the 
village of San Diego, and from 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea. In this way more 
than a dozen specimens were acquired, amongst which was only one female. The bill, 
eyelids, tarsi, and toes of the fresh bird are orange, and the under plumage of a rich 
tint not seen in older skins. 
In South America the range of C. dryas is extensive. It occurs, though rarely, in 
Bogota collections. Fraser obtained it at Chillanes and Pallatanga, in Ecuador®; and 
the birds described by Mr. Sclater as C. maculatus came from the valley of the Rio 
Napo*®, Mr. Buckley has also sent us a skin from Baisa in the same Republic. To 
Mr. Buckley, also, we are indebted for a skin from Bolivia. 
TURDUS. 
Turdus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 291 (1766) (partim). 
Seventeen species of Turdus are found within the limits of Central America; of these, 
eight are northern species, several of which visit the country only during the winter 
months. The resident species are variously distributed, some having a range almost 
coextensive with the limits of the subregion. Others are much more restricted in their 
domicile ; and amongst these the species inhabiting the higher ranges of mountains and 
the pine-clad summits of the volcanoes are specially to be noted. Nearly every large 
section of the country has one or more Thrushes peculiar to it: thus in Mexico we find 
on the shores of the Pacific, from Mazatlan to Tehuantepec, 7. jlavirostris, and in the 
pine-forests of the interior 7. pinicola. In the highlands of Guatemala 7. rufitorques 
is found; Mexico and Guatemala have 7. infuscatus in common, a true Blackbird, 
very closely allied to the European species, of which a second representative is found in 
the Andes, in Venezuela, and in the island of Tobago; Costa Rica has two peculiar 
species in 7. plebeius and T. nigrescens; and Costa Rica and the State of Panama share 
T. obsoletus. The resident species of wide range are T. tristis and J. grayi. The 
former of these extends from Southern Mexico almost to the line of the Panama 
Railway; the latter, with a wider northern extension, also passes still further to the 
southward. 
Concerning the seven species constituting Prof. Baird’s subgenus Hylocichla, we are 
in some doubt how far to admit the claims of all of them to rank as separate species, 
especially as it has been strongly urged by American writers that links are not wanting 
connecting some of them together. Without going into a discussion of these claims, 
we may remark that our chief object in treating Turdus ustulatus and T. alicie as 
distinct from 7. swainsoni, and T. auduboni as distinct from 7. pallasi, is to give 
prominence to the peculiarities of their geographical distribution in the winter season— 
points which have considerable significance when the value of slight modifications of 
colour or size is attempted to be estimated. 
