TURDUS. 11 
Turdus (Hylocichla) swainsoni, Coues, B. Col. Vall. i. p. 84°. 
Turdus minor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 809 (partim); Sel. P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 212(?)". 
Turdus minimus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 5”; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 7”. 
Supra cinnamomeo-brunneus unicolor ; subtus albus, gula, genis et pectore fulvescenti lavatis ; cervice antico, 
pectore et hypochondriis brunneo crebro maculatis ; rostro corneo, mandibule basi et pedibus pallide 
corylinis. Long. tota 7:0, ale 3-9, caude 2°8, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 1-1. (Descr. exempl. ex Paraiso, 
Panama. Mus. nostr.) 
Hab. N. America, Eastern States, westwards to Humboldt Mountains, north to Slave 
Lake and Fort Yukon *.—Mextco(?), Orizaba (Botteri+)(?), Tapana, Tehuantepec 
(Sumichrast")(?); GuatemaLa, Coban (Sarg fide v. Berlepsch); Costa Rica, 
Barranca, Frailes, and Cervantes (Carmiol®), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Lion Hill 
(M‘Leannan *), Paraiso (Hughes).—Cotompia 12; Ecuapor*; Peru?; Cusa9. 
Though this Thrush was known to Latham ! and Pennant? and other early writers, 
no name was applied to it that is admissible until Dr. Cabanis, in 1845, bestowed upon 
it that of Turdus swainsont*, under which it is now universally known. The history 
of the early nomenclature of this bird is fully given by Dr. Coues in his ‘ History of 
the Hylocichle,’ and in the synonymy of the species, A full account of 7. swainsoni 
and its close ally 7. ustulatus will also be found in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s work. 
Putting aside 7. aliciw for the present, and considering the relationship subsisting 
between the eastern and western forms of this bird, we find points in their winter 
distribution that are of considerable interest. Hitherto we have been in the habit of 
ascribing the winter visitant to Guatemala to the eastern bird, 7. swainsoni; but 
the acquisition of a larger series and a reexamination of the question shows that 
by far the larger portion of them are of the western form, 7. ustulatus. Still the 
true 7. swainsont does occur in Guatemala, as Count v. Berlepsch assures us he has a 
specimen from Coban that is undoubtedly of that race. Passing further south, we 
find that in Costa Rica the true 7’. swainsont seems to be exclusively found. Beyond 
Costa Rica we have been unable to trace 7. ustulatus at all, every specimen from 
Panama and South America belonging to the 7. swainsoni form. We are left in some 
uncertainty as regards the Mexican bird. 7. ustulatus has undoubtedly been recognized 
in the Tres Marias Islands; but a bird from Orizaba, and others from Tehuantepec, 
have been ascribed to 7. swainsont, a race we should not expect to find in Mexico at all. 
The winter distribution of these two races is almost exactly parallel to that of 
Geothlypis philadelphia and G. macgillivrayt, where the eastern bird is absent from 
Mexico and Guatemala, the western bird being the prevalent species. The two mingle 
in Costa Rica; and in Panama and further south the eastern form is exclusively found. 
4. Turdus ustulatus. 
Turdus ustulatus, Nutt. Man. i. p. 400 (1840)'; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p.18*; Grayson, P. Bost. Soc. 
N. H. xiv. p. 276°; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc, N. H. i, p. 266%. 
2% 
