406 FRINGILLIDA. 
better located in the genus Embernagra. The range of the dark forms of Pipi/o is very 
extensive, embracing a large portion of the North-American continent, the outlying 
islands of Guadaloupe and Socorro, and spreading southward through Mexico to the 
highlands of Guatemala. The brown species, on the other hand, are much more 
restricted in their range, being confined to the South-western States and Mexico, beyond 
which they do not pass. 
The species of both sections of Pipilo are by no means well defined, and several of 
them seem to pass by gradual steps one into the other. 
American authors recognize two species of the black group, P. erythrophthalmus and 
P. maculatus, the former with two races and the latter with several. In treating of 
the Mexican forms we have found it necessary to admit four species; but we fully 
acknowledge that, in the case of P. macronyx, we have drawn the specific characters 
rather wide, and more species may be recognized when a larger series is examined. 
The culmen of the bill of P. maculatus is slightly arched; the nostrils are margined 
above by a membrane ; beneath the nostrils the bill is somewhat tumid; the tomia is 
angulated and somewhat undulated towards the end, close to which there is a distinct 
notch ; the rictal bristles are short, but strong; the legs are moderately stout, the middle 
toe being about the same length as the tarsus; the hind claw is strong and moderately 
curved ; the wings are short and much rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth quills are the 
longest, the second equalling the sixth; the tail is rounded. 
In P. fuscus the feet are not so strong, and the claws are shorter and more curved, 
the bird being thus better suited for an arboreal life. 
The changes of plumage from young to adult and from summer to winter, as well 
as those of sex, have not been carefully traced, especially in the P. macronyx group. 
Our materials do not help us much in this respect, and when they come to be examined 
the conclusions we have come to as to the limits of each species may have to be 
reconsidered. 
a. Caput nigrum, dorsum plus minusve maculatum, cauda plerumque albo terminata. 
1. Pipilo macronyx. 
Pipilo macronyx, Sw. Phil. Mag. new ser. i. p. 434"; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 4877; Scl. & Salv. P. Z.8. 
1869, p. 861°; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 234%. 
Pipilo virescens, Hartl. J. £. O. 1863, p. 228°. 
Pipilo chlorosoma, Baird, N.-Am. B. ii. p. 105 °. 
Pipilo complexus, Ridgw. Auk, 1886, p. 332”. 
Supra virente-fuscus; alis et cauda olivaceo limbatis; hujus rectricibus utrinque tribus externis ad apices 
et extima in pogonio externo viridi-albidis, illarum tectricibus omnibus viridi albo terminatis ; capite 
nigricante-fusco, interscapulio fusco striato, plumis lateralibus quoque viridi-albo guttatis; subtus 
albus, hypochondriis et crisso castaneis; campterio alari flavissimo; rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis. 
Long. tota 8-7, ale 4:0, caude 4°8, rostri a rictu 0°7, tarsi 1-2. (Descr. exempl. typ. ex Mexico. Mus. 
Cantabr. ) ; 
