HETEROPELMA.—TITYRA. 117 
We have two specimens of this bird trom the neighbourhood of Panama which agree 
much better with the Venezuelan form than with specimens from countries lying more 
immediately to the north. 
Hi. stenorhynchum is scarcely distinguishable from H. amazonum from the Amazons 
Valley, but the head is rather more rufescent and the belly somewhat paler. The 
narrowness of the bill, on which some stress was laid in the original descriptions, seems 
to us now to be of slight importance. Mr. Goering, who discovered this species at 
San Esteban in Venezuela, states that in life the iris of the eye is white 1. 
Fam. COTINGIDA*. 
Subfam. 7/TY RIN. 
The ‘Tityrine can be distinguished from the other five subfamilies of Cotingide by a 
singular well-marked feature—the adult males in all the species having the second or 
penultimate primary so reduced in size as to be not more than half the length of the 
outermost primary (see Scl. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 327). In the female this 
feather is of the normal shape and size. 
TITYRA. | 
Tityra, Vieillot, Anal. p. 89 (1816) ; Scl. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 328. 
My. Sclater makes two main divisions of Z?¢yra—one with bare lores, the other with 
the lores feathered. ‘This second section has also a more flattened bill and is probably 
of generic rank, and might be separated under Kaup’s title Hrator. The genus, as a 
whole, according to Mr. Sclater, contains five species, to which we now add two of the 
Erator section. 
The bill of 7. semifasciata is stout (wider and flatter in 7. albitorques), with a distinct 
* Mr. Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 326) recognizes six subfamilies of Cotingide, all of which, except 
the Rupicoline, are represented in our region. 
The family, as a whole, strictly belongs to the Neotropical Region, a few members reaching its northern 
limits in Mexico, and others the confines of the Argentine Republic. It numbers about 110 species, of which 
twenty-six are found within our borders. 
The family Cotingide as at present constituted is one of the most heterogeneous of all the groups of birds. 
One has only to compare the little brightly coloured Calyptura cristata with the large sombre Umbrella-birds 
(Cephalopterus) to see how obviously this is the case. Unfortunately the anatomy of a large number of the 
species has not yet been studied, so that the classification of the family mainly rests upon external characters. 
The bond of union at present is the structure of the tarsal covering, which, to use Sundevall’s term, is 
“‘pycnaspidean.” This structure includes the Phytotomide, which are again separable by their serrate 
bills. 
