CHASMORHYNCHUS.—QUERULA. 143 
sent from Boca del Toro on the Atlantic side of the cordillera of Panama}, and many 
specimens have since been forwarded from Costa Rica and the Colombian State of Panama. 
Our specimens from the former country were mostly obtained by Arcé at Tucurriqui, 
at an elevation of about 3000 feet above the sea, but one secured by M. Boucard was 
killed on the slopes of the Volcan de Irazu at a height of 6000 feet above the sea. 
Our series includes males in all stages of development, from which it would appear 
that the caruncles commence their growth on the assumption of the adult plumage, 
and that they acquire their full development almost before the fully adult feathers are 
assumed, showing that their growth must be very rapid. The upper caruncle from the 
base of the bill first shows itself, the rictal ones appearing later and growing unevenly. 
In Wolt’s plate, accompanying the paper in ‘The Ibis’ for 1865, the caruncles are 
represented as flat and stiff; we doubt if they are ever so, but when relaxed are vermi- 
form and hang loosely downwards. 
Subfam. GY MNODERINAL. 
Gymnoderus, from which this subfamily takes its name, is a bird of a very isolated 
character, and its relationship to Hamatoderus, Cephalopterus, and the other genera 
with which it has been generally associated is not at all obvious. After the removal 
of Chasmorhynchus from the Gymnoderine, Gymnoderus is the only genus in which the 
rictal bristles appear to be wholly absent. The bill cannot strictly be called  corvine,” 
and the flanks have large white powder-down patches similar to those found in the 
Herons! no such character, so far as we know, being possessed by any other passerine 
bird. Querwla and Cephalopterus, the two genera of Gymnoderine with which we 
are now concerned, belong to the section in which the rictal bristles are strongly 
developed. The bill is strong and conforms more to the corvine outline said to be 
characteristic of the subfamily, the lores are densely feathered. So different are these 
birds from Gymnoderus that we think they, with Hamatoderus and Pyroderus, had 
better be separated as :— 
Subfam. QUERULINAE. 
QUERULA. 
Querula, Vieillot, Anal. p. 37 (1816) ; Scl. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 396. 
A single species constitutes this genus, which has a wide range, extending from 
Costa Rica southward to Peru and eastward to Guiana. 
The bill is stout, rather wide at the base, the sides converging in nearly straight 
lines to the tip, the culmen is curved throughout its length, more abruptly towards the 
end, and there is a distinct subterminal notch on the tomia of the maxilla; the nostrils 
are open, but partially hidden by the setose supra-nasal feathers, the rictal bristles are 
